The Lives Of Animals ( 1999 ) - 1060 Words

In The Lives of Animals (1999), a metafictional novella about animal right by the South African novelist J.M. Coetzee, the author posits through his character representative, Elizabeth Costello, that â€Å"animals are not believers in ecology† (Coetzee 151). We are told to believe based on the previous ruminations of Costello, who outlines early in part I â€Å"The Philosophers and the Animals† section that animals do not possess reason, and as a result, animals cannot hope to comprehend the way in which the complex ecosystems that are present in the study of ecology in any meaningful way (Coetzee 137). This claim is important to Costello in that it is the very foundation of everything else she argues within her debate, as she cites that to approach the ethics of the animal rights argument from any spectrum of our understanding of reason is to do so from a flawed point of view, as animals do not possess reason and therefore cannot be judged and evaluated under that syst em fairly, or even at all. While Costello’s claims certainly present an interesting point, they are troubling and ultimately flawed in their approach. I strongly disagree with Costello’s claim that animal are not believers in ecology because she is wholly enamoured with the idea of reason being an impossible judge of animal rights, going so far as to say that if reason is all she shares with her philosophical opponents, then she has no use for it (Coetzee 133). However, through Costello’s assumption that she can speakShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation And The Medical Field Essay1367 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal experimentation has notably advanced the medical field since its beginnings nearly two thousand years ago. Modern surgeries, antibiotics, and vaccines have been discovered and put into effect to better the lives of humans worldwide and increase our life expectancy by thirty years. However, animal rights activists argue that tests are not accurate or r eliable due to angularities. Morality continues to toy with the minds of the public. Religious organizations, like the Catholic Church, approveRead MoreEnergy Flow Among Organisms of a Food Chain in the Desert Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesCorinne N Bryant May 2, 2013 University of Phoenix The lives of the organisms in the desert require a substantial amount of survival skills. The temperature in a desert biome is always very high and it does not rain very often so it is also extremely dry. 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Bridging The Gap Between Cross Essay - 628 Words

Building effective communication skills and relationships within a single culture is often challenging. Bridging the gap between different cultures makes building communication skills and relationships even more difficult. I will discuss some of the challenges of cross-cultural communication and the pieces necessary to build effective working relationships. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Typically, some of the basic assumptions we make when communicating with people from our own culture must be questioned and modified when communicating with people of another culture. First on the list of items for review is verbal communication. Parts of verbal communication, such as, tonality, tense, gender generalities and structure vary greatly from†¦show more content†¦The person who  ¡Ã‚ §requires ¡Ã‚ ¨ a certain sense of space may find himself/herself always  ¡Ã‚ §backing up ¡Ã‚ ¨ when working with the other person. The lack of  ¡Ã‚ §personal space ¡Ã‚ ¨ may be just as uncomfortable for one person as the lack of desired closeness is for the other. This  ¡Ã‚ §personal space ¡Ã‚ ¨ example demonstrates that some cultural differences are apparent and simple to accommodate. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another contrast of cultural difference is demonstrated by a model of leadership consisting of one leader and many followers versus a culture based on extensive discussion and mutual decision making as a core value. It is difficult to comprehend working in a group where the participants are seldom asked for their input, but instead being led in the direction chosen by the leader. Coming to terms with discord between core values is a complex struggle. Deeply embedded cultural norms are difficult to consciously recognize; once they are recognized, opposing norms are difficult to fully accept. 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Whole Life Costing In Ownership Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3080 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Life cycle costing (LCC) also called Whole Life Costing is a technique to establish the total cost of ownership. It is a structured approach that addresses all the elements of this cost and can be used to produce a spend profile of the product or service over its anticipated life-span. The results of an LCC analysis can be used to assist management in the decision making process where there is a choice of options. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Whole Life Costing In Ownership Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The accuracy of LCC analysis diminishes as it projects further into the future, so it is most valuable as a comparative tool when long term assumptions apply to all the options and consequently have the same impact. Cost planning cannot be effective unless the total costs are considered. For example, both the initial and future cost. Real Cost should encompass the initial acquisition costs and the running costs of maintaining costs of maintaining and operating a building throughout its effective life including refurbishment. Flanagan and Norman (1983) Life cycle cost of an asset is the total cost of that asset over its operating life, including the initial acquisition costs and subsequent running costs. Hoar and Norman Life cycle cost of an asset as the present value of the total cost of the asset over its operating life including initial capital cost, occupation costs, operating cost and the cost or benefit of the eventual disposal of the asset at end of its life. Life Cycle costing is refers to as ultimate life cost or total cost, a technique of cost prediction by which the initial constructional and associated costs and the annual running and maintenance costs of a building, or part of the building, can be reduced to a common measure. Life cycle costing = initial cost + maintenance cost + planting cost 2.2 Nature of Life Cycle Costing Life costing is employed as a design tool for the comparison of the cost of different designs, materials, components and constructional techniques. A valuable guide to the designer in obtaining value for money for the client. Used by property managers or developers to compare costs against the value accruing from future rents. Enables building functions to be expressed in terms of the costs of repairing and renewing the finishing and fittings, lighting and servicing and of the labour needed in operating the building. All the costs can be converted to present value (PV) by discounting techniques which makes it possible to combine all the costs of the building. Enable the vast range of factors on which judgment is necessary to be reduced to a comparison of a single cost with the personal assessment of the value of the building. Provide rationale for choice in circumstances where there are alternative means for achieving a giving object. In any economic appraisal one should not ignore the inevitable future upkeep costs necessary for a building to perform its complete function. The cost of maintenance must affect the true economic worth of a building in use. The relative importance of first and running costs is influenced by financial interest of the client. A developer will not usually consider the running costs. An industrialist will certainly influenced by the greater tax savings obtainable for running costs. An occupier will be more concerned with the total effect of the design upon the costs of owning and operating the building. 2.3 Why Life Cycle Costing is Important? The visible costs of any purchase represent only a small proportion of the total cost of ownership. In many departments, the responsibility for acquisition cost and subsequent support funding are held by different areas and, consequently, there is little or no incentive to apply the principles of LCC to purchasing policy. Therefore, the application of LCC does have a management implication because purchasing units are unlikely to apply the rigours of LCC analysis unless they see the benefit resulting from their efforts. There are 4 major benefit of LCC analysis: Evaluation of competing options in purchasing; Improved awareness of total costs; More accurate forecasting of cost profile; and Performance trade-off against cost Option Evaluation. LCC techniques allow evaluation of competing proposal on the basis of through life costs. LCC analysis is relevant to most service contracts and equipment purchasing decisions. Improved Awareness. Application of LCC techniq ues provides management with an improved awareness of the factors that drive costs and the resources required by the purchase. It is important that the cost drives are identified so that most management effort is applied to the most cost effective areas of the purchase. Additionally, awareness of the cost drivers will also highlight areas in existing items which would benefit from management involvement. Improved Forecasting. The application of LCC techiniques allows the full cost associated with a procurement to be estimated more accurately. It leads to improved decision making at all levels, for example major investment decisions, or the establishment of cost effective support policies. Additionally, LCC analysis allows more accurate forecasting of future expenditure to be applied to long-term costings assessments. Performance Trade-off Against Cost. In purchasing decisions cost is not the only factor to be considered when assessing the options (see VFM briefing). There are other factors such as the overall fit against the requirement and the quality of the goods and the levels of services to be provide. LCC analysis allows for a cost trade-off to be made against the varying attributes of the purchasing options. 2.4 Who Will Involved? The investment decision maker (typically the management board) is accountable for any decisions relating to the cost of a project or programme. The Self-regulatory organizations (SRO) is responsible for ensuring that estimates are based on whole life costs and is assisted by the project manager, as appropriate, together with additional professional expertise as required. Principles The cost of ownership of an asset or services is incurred throughout its whole life and does not all occur at the point of acquisition. The figure give an example of a spend profile showing how the costs vary with time. In some instances the disposal cost will be negative because the item will have a resale value whilst for other procurements the disposal, termination or replacement cost is extremely high and must be taken into account at the planning stage. Acquisition costs are those incurred between the decision to proceed with the procurement and the entry of the goods or services o operational use. Operational costs are those incurred during the operational life of the assets or service End life costs are those associated with the disposal, termination or replacement of the assets or services. In the case of assets, disposal cost can be negative because the asset has a resale value. A purchasing decision normally commits the user to over 95 per cent of the throu gh-life costs. There is very little scope to change the cost of ownership after the item has been delivered. The principles of LCC can be applied to both complex and simple projects though a more developed approach would be taken for say a large PFI project than a straightforward equipment purchase. For guidance on the application of Life cycle costing and cost management to property and construction projects, seeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ The Process LCC involves Identifying the individual costs relating to the procurement of the product or service. These can be either one-off or recurring costs. It is importance to appreciate the difference between these cost groupings because one-off costs are sunk once the acquisition is made whereas recurring costs are time department and continue to be incurred throughout the life of the product or services. Furthermore, recurring costs can increase with time for example through increased maintenance costs as equipment ages. The type of costs incurred will vary according to the goods or services being acquired, some examples are given below. Examples of one-off costs include: Procurement; Implementation and acceptance; Initial training; Documentation; Facilities; Transition from incumbent supplier (s); Changes to business processes; Withdrawal from and disposal. Examples of recurring costs include: Retaining; Operating costs; Services charges; C ontract and supplier management costs; Changing volumes; Cost of changes; Downtime/ non-availability; Maintenance and repair; and Transportation and handling. 2.5 The Methodology of Life Cycle Cost LCC is based on the premise that to arrive at meaningful purchasing decisions full account must be taken of each available option. All significant expenditure of resources which is likely to arise as a result of any decision must be addressed. Explicit consideration must be given to all relevant costs for each of the options from initial consideration through to disposal. The degree sophistication of LCC will vary according to the complexity of the gods or services to be procured. The cost of collecting necessary data can be considerable, and where the same items are procured frequently a cost database can be developed. The following fundamental concepts are common to all applications of LCC: Cost breakdown structure; Cost estimating; Discounting; and Inflation Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS) CBS is central to LCC analysis. It will vary in complexity depending on the purchasing decisions. Its claim is to identify all the relevant cost elements and it must have well defined boundaries to avoid omission or duplication. Whatever the complexity any CBS should have the following basic characteristics: It must include all cost elements that are relevant to the option under consideration including internal costs; Each cost element must be well defined so that all involved have a clear understanding of what is to be included in that element; Each cost element should be identifiable with a significant level of activity or major item of equipment or software; The cost breakdown should be structured in such a way as to allow analysis of specific areas. For example, the purchaser might need to compare spares costs for each option; these costs should therefore be identified within the structure; The CBS should be compatible, through cross indexing, with the management accounting procedures used in collecting cost. This will allow costs to be fed directly to the LCC analysis; For programmes with subcontractors, these costs should have separate cost categories to allow close control and monitoring; and The CBS should be designed to allow different levels of data within various cost categories. For example, the analyst may wish to examine in considerable detail the operator manpower cost whilst only roughly estimating the maintenance manpower contribution. The CBS should be sufficiently flexible to allow cost allocation both horizontally and vertically. Cost Estimating Having produced a CBS, it is necessary to calculate the costs of each category. These are determined by one of the following methods. Know factors or rates: are inputs to the LCC analysis which have a know accuracy. For example, if the Unit Production Cost and quantity are know, then the Procurement Cost can be calculated. Equally, if costs of different grades of staff and the numbers employed delivering the services are know, the staff cost of services delivery can be calculated; Cost estimating relationships (CERs): are derived from historical or empirical data. For example, if experience had shown that for similar items the cost of Initial Spares was 20 per cent of the UPC, this could be used as a CER for the new purchase. CERs can become very complex but, in general, the simpler the relationship the more effective the CER. The results produces by CERs must be treated with caution as incorrect relationships can lead to large LCC errors. Sources can include experience of si milar procurement in-house and in other organizations. Care should be taken with historical data, particularly in rapidly changing industries such as IT where can soon become out of date; and Expert opinion; although open to debate, it is often the only method available when real data is unobtainable. When expert opinion is used in an LCC analysis it should include the assumptions and rationale that support the opinion. Discounting Discounting is a technique used to compare costs and benefits that occur in different time periods. It is a separate concept from inflation, and is based on the principle that, generally, people prefer to receive goods and services now rather than later. This is known as time preference. This guidance does not cover the topic in great detail as it is a produce common to many cost appraisal methods and well understood by purchasing officers. The subject is fully explained in The Green Book: Appraisal and Evaluation in Central Government 2003. When comparing two or more options, a common base is necessary to ensure fair evaluation. As the present is the most suitable time reference, all future costs must be adjust to present time, i.e. the time when the decision is made. Discounting reduces the impact of downstream savings and as such as a disincentive to improving the reliability of the product. The procedure for discounting is straightforward and discount rates for government purchases are published in the Green Book. Discount rates used by industry will vary considerably and care must be taken when comparing LCC analyses which are commercially prepared to ensure a common discount rate is used. Inflation It is important not to confuse discounting and inflation: the Discount Rate is not the inflation rate but is the investment premium over and above inflation. Provided inflation for all costs is approximately equal, it is normal practice to exclude inflation effects when undertaking LCC analysis. However, if the analysis is estimating the costs of two very different commodities with differing inflation rates, for example oil price and man-hour rates, then inflation would have to be considered. However, one should be extremely careful to avoid double counting of the effect of inflation. For example, a vendors proposal may already include a provision for inflation and, unless this is noted, there is a strong possibility that an additional estimate for inflation might be included. Other issues Risk Assessment Cost estimates are made up of the base estimate (the estimated cost without any risk allowance built in) and a risk allowance (the estimated consequential cost if the key risks materialize). The risk allowance should be steadily reduces over time as the risks or their consequences are minimized through good risk management. Sensitivity The sensitivity of cost estimates to factors such as changes in volumes, usage etc need to be considered Optimism bias Optimism bias is the demonstrated systematic tendency to be over-optimistic about key project parameters. In can arise in relation to: Capital costs; Works duration; Operating Costs; and Under delivery of benefits. Optimism bias needs to be assessed with care, because experience has shown that undue optimism about benefits that can be achieved in relation to risk will have a significant impact on costs. A recommended approach is to consider best and worst case scenarios, where optimism and pessimism can be balance out. The probability of these scenarios actually happening assessed and the expected expenditure adjusted accordingly. For more on optimism bias see the Green B ook. 2.6 Difficulties in Assessing Life Cycle Costs Difficulty of accurately assessing the maintenance and running costs of different materials, processes and systems. Great scarcity of reliable historical cost data and predicting the lives of materials and components is often fraught with dangers. QS rely on his own knowledge of the material or component or possibly on manufacturers data in the case of relatively new products. Example, Paint show variations and are influenced by type of paint, number of coats, condition of base and extent of preparation, degree of exposure and atmospheric conditions. Owners and occupiers maintenance produces may also vary considerably. Types of payments initial, annual and periodic requires a knowledge of discounted cash techniques. Tax has bearing on maintenance costs and needs consideration. Selection of suitable interest rates for calculations involving periods of up to sixty years is extremely difficult. Where projects are to be sold as an investment on completion, the client may show little interest in securing savings in maintenance and running costs. Where the initial funds available to the client are severely restricted, or his interest in the project is of quite short-term duration, little consequence that he can save large sums in the future by spending more on the initial construction. Future costs can be affected by changes of taste and fashion, changing statutory requirements for the buildings and the replacement of worn out components by superior updated items. Lives of different types of buildings are difficult to forecast with accuracy. 2.7 Practical Problems Which Affect Life Cycle Costing Life Cycle costing study is to prepare a cash flow schedule for the building including all the different user costs as they occur throughout the buildings life. Requires the life and maintenance profiles of components and materials to be prepared. Lives of building components can be predicted on the basis of observed rated of failure for existing buildings. However, it often shows substantial differences in the maintenance profiles of seemingly similar buildings. Main weakness is the large proportion of the construction techniques and components in a typical modern building. Collected data becomes out of date or is no longer applicable as new components and materials are introduced and possibly more innovative designs produced. Realistic life cycle costing profiles are very difficult to prepare. Many predictions and assumptions is of questionable validity. Changes in the basic prices of materials, components, labour and capital are difficult to forecast with accur acy and will affect all user costs. Sophisticated cost models incorporating many assumptions can be rendered invalid by changes in basic prices, unlikely to be uniform across the different components. Changes in government policy have far reaching effects on future needs and costs. Social, economic and technological changes are bound to have significant effect on the costs incurred throughout a buildings life and are all unpredictable at the time of preparing the life cycle costing plan. Emergency repairs and maintenance, arising from unforeseeable design faults or bad workmanship, constitute a significant proportion of maintenance costs, display a random pattern in both timing and extent, associated disruption costs can only be assessed in a very approximate form. Foreseeable maintenance work such as cleaning and redecoration, the actual decision as to the timing of the work depends to a considerable extent on management policy. Redecoration cycles vary significan tly to meet changing tastes and fashions, to implement a new colour scheme or on an unexpected change of occupancy. Longer cycles can result from financial constraints leading to deferment of the repainting and increasing substantially the cost the eventual work. Chapter 3: Hydraulic Elevator 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Hydraulic Elevator Component 3.3 Benefit for Hydraulic Elevator 3.4 Disadvantages for Hydraulic Elevator 3.5 Hydraulic Elevator Impact Chapter 4: Life Cycle Cost of Hydraulic Elevator 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Initial Cost 4.2 Planting Cost 4.3 Operating Cost 4.4 Maintenance Cost

Information Technology And Its Impact On Travel,...

Abstract Information technology has helped shaping the world. Both in business and society, information technology has an impact on travel, education, healthcare, social and personal communication and entertainment. (Ramey, 2012) In this short paper, I intend to highlight the role of information technology along with the significance of each of its components and how they are interconnected in the overall system. Information technology is built with five core components. I will highlight significance of each of these components and how they are interact with each other. (Khurana, 2016) Keywords: Information Technology, Shaping the world Introduction The information technology system requires various components to work together, which are basic building blocks of the system. Each component require its functionalities to be working properly and do the job of interacting with other core technology in order ensure smooth functioning of the system. 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Picture doing this with the book version of the Encyclopaedia, sieving through several pages looking out for the information alphabeticallyRead MoreIndia Is A Leading Charity For Disadvantaged Elderly For More Than 3 Decades Essay3782 Words   |  16 Pagesspecialized attention that they require. The situation that HelpAge India faces in reaching its Health Care outreach programs to the elderly in urban and rural areas is truly challenging. MISSION OBJECTIVE To reach basic healthcare to one million disadvantaged rural and urban people, particularly the elderly in under-served communities, especially in remote geographical location and difficult terrain. CURRENT PROGRAM STATUS Operates Asia’s largest mobile health care networkRead MoreThe Narrative Research Method9739 Words   |  39 Pagesresearch in the context of information systems does not exist and is being provided in this paper. 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Monsters Lesson 02 Literary Background for Beowulf Free Essays

Monsters Lesson 02 Literary Background for Beowulf The Dark ages was an era that consisted of change and warfare in England. The Celts were the first culture to inhabit England. Celts filled the land with the language of Ceitic and the religion of Paganism. We will write a custom essay sample on Monsters Lesson 02 Literary Background for Beowulf or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 55 B. C the Romans decide to invaded the land under Julius Caesar lead and succeed. With the Romans in charge the change began by bring Latin to the region and introducing Christianity. Romans also brought civilization and new law by building new structures which were similar to theres in Rome. These Structures consisted of water which they learned how to drain, use for public sanitation, and clean drinking water. Barbarians (foreigners) were jealous of the Roman’s system and try to take over, so the Emperor decide to build a great wall around the land and the wall worked for around 200 years. The Roman Empire was divided into two half’s, western and eastern with two different Emperor’s. With the fall of Rome in 410 A. D Britannia was easy to take over without British soldiers to fight. Four Germanic tribes took over Britannia, with Anglo in the Northeast, Saxon in the South, Jutes in the South but separate from Saxons, and Frisians just South of Saxons. These four tribes are known as Anglo-Saxons who occupied England from 410 A. D. to 797 A. D. Durning that time seven Sovereign Kingdoms were formed. Vikings later called Normans were Scandinavian explorers, traders, and warriors. The Scandinavian’s spoke dilates of German. Vikings invaded large parts of England in 797 A. D. and ruled until 1066 A. D. The literature durning the dark ages main themes were about heroism and chivalry. Kings were also highly looked upon and they took care of their warriors. Also highly written about durning this time was the bond between the king’s men which was the center of their political society. How to cite Monsters Lesson 02 Literary Background for Beowulf, Essay examples

A Principled Approach for Business of Special Event Management

Question: Discuss about A Principled Approach for Business of Special Event Management? Answer: Background including scope and objectives Cancer until now is one of the deadly diseases in the society, which has taken the maximum number of lives (Maddams, Utley and Mller 2012). To help the cancer patients, ASDA will be arranging a concert for the customers of ASDA to raise funds for the patients. The event will be named A new hope and the customers of ASDA will be sent special invitation so that the funds that will be collected from the sale of the tickets can be contributed for the treatment of the cancer patients. Thus, the main objective of ASDA will be helping the cancer patients. To attract the customers, ASDA had planned to invite the famous music band, the vamps and the singer Ariana Grande. The scope of getting more revenue will also be high for ASDA because of the famous names. It is expected that the crowd will be huge, hence, there can be a chance of stampede among the audience. Moreover, there can be a risk for the members who will help the singers on stage. Due to the huge crowd, the members might have fallen off the stage. Thus, the risk management plan will be prepared to help ASDA understand the risk and the ways to tackle the risk (Calleam.com 2016). Research and Information sources To plan the event, it is important that the organizers first do a thorough research regarding the feedback of the customers and the authors who already wrote about the risk management techniques while arranging an event (Banks 2012). The study will undertake both the primary data and the secondary data. The secondary data will be in the form of the online research papers, books or blogs that have talked about the techniques of risk management and how to handle the situation when things go wrong in an event. The primary research will include the feedback of the managers or authorities who have held past events in the organization. The past issues that have been faced by the managers while arranging similar events will be helpful for the present managers while carrying out the research; The primary research will help the present research to know about the real problems of the events and try to avoid those mistakes that have been done by the previous event managers. There are certain benefits of the secondary research and the primary research. On the other hand, there are certain limitations of those research works as well. The secondary research helps other researchers compare various data that have been retrieved through the secondary research and then find out the particular data that will be best suited for the organization. However, the primary research helps the authors to get an idea about the real problems in the organization. While doing the secondary research, the managers might not have the accessibility to all the information that is needed for the event. The managers have to identify the correct information that will be suited for ASDA and then implement the ideas in the organization. On the other hand, the former employees who have handled such events might not be available in the present. Thus, even if the manager tries take to carry out the primary research, then it might not be helpful for the managers due to the unavailability of the employees in the organization Budget Budgeting for events is the crucial task to be taken that requires planning process. Funding determinants in every planning process requires appropriate decisions. However, the event coordinator has communicated with the other members of the event so that the expenditures could be understood. Nevertheless, the budget will not only examine the involvement of financial elements but will also consider the funds already with ASDA. Before, making the proposed budget, the sample expense checklist is incorporated in the budget. The table below can outline the proposed budget for the event. Total Expenses Estimated (Pounds) Actual (Pounds) Site of the Event Room and Hall Fees (02 Arena) 3800 3800 Site Staff 1000 1200 Equipment 800 900 Tables and Chairs (50 each) 5000 3000 Security CCTV Cameras (15) 3000 3000 Personnel (30) 3600 4200 Decorations Lighting 700 700 Paper supplies 200 400 Flowers 300 300 Balloons 100 100 Publicity Advertising 5000 5500 Pamphlets 1150 1000 Hoardings 2300 2500 Photocopying /Printing 300 300 Miscellaneous Telephone 200 300 Transportation 1000 1250 Stationary Supplies 650 650 Staff Gratuities 3000 3000 Program Sponsors 5500 4500 Reception of the dignitaries with extra services 2000 1500 Performers 5000 5500 Speakers 1300 2000 Travel 900 900 Other 700 700 Catering Foods 2000 2200 Drinks 500 600 Total 50000 50000 Table 1: Budget for the Concert As depicted by the proposed budget, the estimated expense is the rough estimate of the expenses whereas actual cost will be the market cost running in the market. ASDAs proposed budget for the event is 50,000 pounds. However, there is a slight difference between the estimated and actual expense in each category or sub-category. Summary for the Target Market for ASDA: The main theme of the concert was to raise funds for the cancer patients and create awareness regarding the disease, but the company invited both males and females from the age group of 20 to 30 years. The event will be taking place in the United Kingdom. Project Management tools and techniques including schedules, outcomes, and deliverables For the management of the projects, it is necessary that the managers take into account the tools and techniques that will help the managers to tackle the events in the organization Schedules Actions time Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Planning the event Planning for the operations Financial planning Contacting the stakeholders Contact the sponsors Promotions and selling the tickets Main event Figure 1: Gantt chart for the Concert Deliverables Event venue- O2 arena Security- a renowned security service company, axis security, will be appointed for the event. They will provide 30 personnel for the event and will attach 15 CC TV cameras to look out for any mischief theta can be done by any of the visitors at the event. Catering- one of the famous catering service providers, the complete catering services will be supplying the food materials to the concert. Entertainment- just like the past concerts, ASDA is planning to engage the some of the most eminent celebrities who will come to the organization to raise funds for treating the cancer patients. Marketing- the managers at ASDA will promote the events by distributing pamphlets. The advertisements regarding the events will be broadcasted in the media. In addition to this, the hoardings will also act as the promotional tool for ASDA Ticketing- the ticket for the public will be 30. However, the relatives of the employees of ASDA will be able to purchase the tickets with 20 Outcomes An event will be successful once it is carried out well and with paper planning, the deliverable take into account every aspect of the event and try to make the event a success (Gov.uk 2011). Along with the pre-planning, it is necessary for ASDA to tighten the security so that if there is any emergency, it can be handled by the staffs. It is expected that A new hope will be a success because of the star-studded event that has been planned by ASDA. Along with the popularity, the event is organizations for a cause; the risk factors will also be high. Hence, it is important that the managers keep a backup plan for the event (Girling 2013). Project Management Team and Structure: The process of event management requires planning, organizing and coordinating requires the recruitment of a few team members. The members who are involved would be full time, part time, contractual and on a voluntary basis. The Event Director heads the team of event management The following organizational chart shows the diversity and the magnitude of the team that is required for the event such as an awareness concert by ASDA. The concert by ASDA is small, so there are four members of the team (Rosa and Soffer, 2013). The following is the hierarchy of the team for ASDA concert. An event director supervises the hierarchy and four members work under his supervision. They are the Programme Coordinator, Venue Coordinator, Equipment Coordinator and Promotion Coordinator. The Programme Coordinator looks into the ceremonies, publishing articles and data entries required for the concert. The Venue Coordinator books the venue for the concert, set up a team for the smooth functioning of the event and keeps backup options and contingency for crisis period. The Venue Coordinator is responsible for the venue or location-related problems and signages. The Equipment Coordinator maintains the sound equipments required for the concert. He is responsible for maintaining al l other equipments necessary for the concert and looks into the transportation system. The Promotional Coordinator has a major role to play. He is responsible for contacting the media persons to popularise the proposed event or concert. He prepares the promotional events and acts as a liaison officer between the event and media houses. He publicizes the event or the concert for its success. The hierarchy works collectively for the success of the event. It is a small event and therefore, the four members can carry out their duties quite responsibly. Figure 2 Management Hierarchy (Source: Rosa and Soffer 2013) Event Program: The Programme is the activities that are scheduled from the beginning until the end of the concert. In the case of a concert, a program will help in deciding who the ones who are performing at what time are, the time when snacks and dinner need to be served. This is the central task for an event. Selection of the venue by the coordinator has the following steps: Figure 3 Steps for selection of a venue (Source: Lockstone-Binney and Junek 2013) Following are the event control equipment required: Sound systems for announcing Two-way radios Computers First aid equipment Sirens and Alarms Intercoms and mobile telephones Equipment coordination: Some things are needed to make the guests feel special like arranging for food, refreshments, assistance with parking, good public announcement system (Rosa and Soffer 2013). Project Communication and Stakeholder management To assess the risk and to make the plan to combat the risk, it is important for that the event managers for ASDA to keep a record of the people who are involved with the projects. The most important in the list are the stakeholders who will help the company financially for the event. The stakeholders will be the ones who will help in the risk management, as they will be interested in the success of the event (Hussain 2013). Next, the managers should be communicated well with the customers who will be the main contributors for raising the fund for the event (Kim 2012). The event managers should also keep close contact the suppliers of food, decorators, and the suppliers of other things that are important for the events. Even after the event is over, the manager should keep in touch with the suppliers so that they can get the materials at a lower rate in future. The goods that are being supplied should be checked thoroughly, and any anomaly with the goods should bring under the notice of the suppliers so that the problems can be solved in the initial stage rather than talking measures in the final stages (Quinn 2013). The performers of the events should be followed up on a regular basis until the completion of the event. The managers should make all efforts so that the performers so not have any problems in reaching the venue. The matter regarding the payments should be done previously so that no problems occur in future (Institute-of-event-management.com 2016). Risk Management Plan for ASDA Concert: The main principles of Risk Management need to apply for the decision and planning process (Damm 2012). Four crucial steps need to be followed for managing the risk in a concert. Step 1: Identification of the risk The key to successful risk management involves identification of the risk for the concert. The ones responsible for the activity can identify risk for the activity. There are different types of risk that need to be segregated: Category A-F risks: Physical risks Human risks Chemical risks Biological risks Reputational risks Category B-C Risks: Equipment risks Security Falling from stage Controlling of crowd whether the concert is indoors or outdoors Category D-F risks: Safety for the large number of attendance Fire in the enclosed area Injuries from the crowd at the concert Traffic risks from the proximity of the attendees The owner of the event should ensure that risk is managed and monitored. The owner of the risk should have the authority to see the risk is managed effectively (Duffey and Saull 2014). Step 2: Assessment of the risk The main aim of assessment of the risk involves segregating the minor, major and unacceptable forms of risks. The organizer should assess each the risks that have been identified in Step 1 (Gaudenzi and Borghesi 2012). The common approach is the qualitative form of risk management model as shown below: Figure 4 Risk Management Model (Source: Gaudenzi and Borghesi 2012) Likelihood: A= very high, B=High, C=Medium, D=Low Impact: 1 =Minor 2= Moderate 3= Major 4=Severe The risks that have been identified are recorded in the boxes. The red colour boxes require immediate action; orange colour will require monitoring and green colour signifies appropriateness (Hopkin, 2012). Step 3: Management of the risk Risk is managed through four main ways: Terminate: Some risk is managed better through termination of the activity Treat: Contain the risk at an appropriate levels Transfer: Measures taken for transfer of risk to a third part Tolerate: If the impact of the risk is tolerable then there are no further actions required. There is a need for supplementing the situation through a contingency plan (Kim, 2012). Step 4: Monitoring and review of the risk The delivery and the planning of the concert by ASDA must be monitored continuously so that the best public safety management and the management controls are compiled. The local authority should be involved in the inspection process as the risk of management is shared between the parties (Lockstone-Binney and Junek 2013). Evaluation and Control of the Project It has been identified that the concert arranged by ASDA can face some risks mainly because of the crowd. The huge response from the audience for the concert is the biggest example that the organization should take necessary measures to make the event a success. Thus, a thorough evaluation is required on the part of the management. (Quinn 2013) The management can take the feedback from the customers after the event to know how they felt about the event. The audiences or the customers will be asked to write freely the perspective of the event so that they could take necessary steps in future to make the event a success. The feedback from the audience will also help the organization to evaluate the risk factors, which could be taken care of in the future. It is the duty of the organization to take necessary measures to control the crowd. There should be enough space for the audience to move in and move out. A considerable amount of security should be placed at the checkpoints. The audience should be communicated correctly emergency the emergency exit plan if there is any emergency like fire in the venue (Institute-of-event-management.com 2016). The management should be necessary measures so that the audiences do not panic even if there are an emergency at the venue. However, any risk can be avoided by the authorities so if prevention is done in the initial stage. A pre-assessment of the risks by forming a team of risk management experts will help ASDA to make the event a success without any disturbance. References: Allen, J., (2009).Event Planning Ethics and Etiquette: A Principled Approach to the Business of Special Event Management. John Wiley Sons. Banks, E. (2012).Risk culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Bowdin, G., O'Toole, W., Allen, J., Harris, R. and McDonnell, I., (2006).Events management. Routledge Calleam.com. (2016).Classic Mistakes Why Do Projects Fail?. [online] Available at: https://calleam.com/WTPF/?page_id=799 [Accessed 15 Mar. 2016]. Damm, S. (2012).Event management. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag. Duffey, R. and Saull, J. (2014).Managing risk. Chichester, UK: John Wiley Sons. Gaudenzi, B. and Borghesi, A. (2012).Risk management. Milan: Springer. Getz, D., 2013.Event studies. Routledge. Girling, P. (2013).Operational risk management. Hoboken: Wiley. Gov.uk. (2011).Best Management Practice Portfolio - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/best-management-practice-portfolio/about-the-office-of-government-commerce [Accessed 15 Mar. 2016]. Hopkin, P. (2012).Fundamentals of risk management. London: Kogan Page. Hussain, O. (2013).Risk assessment and management in the networked economy. Heidelberg: Springer. Institute-of-event-management.com. (2016).The 5 Most Common Mistakes in Event Planning (and how to avoid them!) | International Institute of Event Management. [online] Available at: https://institute-of-event-management.com/5-most-common-mistakes-event-planning-and-how-avoid-them [Accessed 15 Mar. 2016]. Kim, H. (2012).Advances in technology and management. Berlin: Springer. Kim, H. (2012).Advances in technology and management. Berlin: Springer. Lockstone-Binney, L. and Junek, M. (2013). Emerging knowledge and innovation in event management.International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 4(3). Maddams, J., Utley, M. and Mller, H. (2012). Projections of cancer prevalence in the United Kingdom, 20102040. Br J Cancer, 107(7), pp.1195-1202. Quinn, B. (2013).Key concepts in event management. London: SAGE. Rosa, M. and Soffer, P. (2013).Business process management workshops. Berlin: Springer. Tum, J. and Norton, P., (2006).Management of event operations. Routledge

Guidelines Environment And Engineering †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Guidelines Environment And Engineering? Answer: Introducation A number of search strategies have been employed in order to conduct the literature review. The employment of a proper search strategy helps in including the required set of articles within the inclusion criteria. Additionally, key words versus index terms have been applied to narrow down the search to the authentic articles. The key words could be used to find out the journal titles, author name, article title and abstract. In this respect, a number of databases could be used to find out the relevant journals or articles. Some of the databases which could be used over here for searching articles include-MEDLINE, CINNAHL. Apart from these EMBASE, COCHRANE library were also used as some of the other databases sources. Moreover, Boolean operators could be used for undertaking the search such as OR and AND. Here, OR could be used for broadening the search by use of synonyms, where articles dealing with more or less similar concepts are generated at a time. The OR operator would retriev e articles containing each term separately or both the terms together (Popescu, 2015). The AND operator is used to narrow down the search by retrieving articles containing both the terms. Inclusion/exclusion criteria It is necessary to design a proper inclusion and exclusion criteria for the purpose of narrowing down the search to the right articles. The inclusion or exclusion criteria act as filters which helps in eliminating the unnecessary search results generated. Some of the parameters based upon which the search in conducted comprises of the inclusion criteria. The factors include the date of the published articles, participants experiencing deterioration in health condition reported recently along with language specific to a geographic location, act as filters which have been applied in the search strategy. The age group of the participants may also serve as an important parameter for narrowing down to specific searches. For the present case study only articles published within the last 10 years have been considered the rest has been excluded. The articles published in English only have been taken into consideration. Additionally, the peer reviewed journals only had been considered along with grey literature such as technical reports and web based guidelines. For the present report inconsistent and self reported objectives had been excluded. The study designs where participants were interviewed at least once in a point of time were considered. The participants belonging to the old age group had been excluded or the ones experiencing end of life care or palliative treatment. Therefore, narrowing down the search strategies help in arriving at a suitable solution regrading the problem statement. Evidence supporting the topic For the current study diabetes management had been chosen and selected within the Australian scenario. In this respect, type 2 diabetes had been taken into considerations which have been found to have a major dominance worldwide. As reported by WHO (2013), there has been 1.5 million deaths due to type 2 diabetes in 2012 alone. Type 2 diabetes has been seen to take the form of pandemic within the Australian context and has been found to be present more frequently with an increasing age (Dreyhaupt et al. 2012). However as argued by McPhail-Bell et al. (2016), most of the ties the occurrence of the disease goes unreported owing to the lack of awareness. This calls for undertaking programs supporting diabetes awareness and promotion of community health. Here the 4Es had been implemented for the purpose of providing sufficient health education and control measures for the prevention of diabetes (Cook et al. 2011). In the present context, systematic approaches have been undertaken for the evaluation of the peer reviewed journals. Item Components and examples Title A systematic review of real-world diabetes prevention programs Abstract The systematic review focuses on identifying critical success factors for implementation of diabetes control program within the real world settings Rationale There is a huge gap in the number of people availing the diabetes management program due to the lack of knowledge regarding the same and dearth of comprehensive prevention strategies Objectives To control the adverse health implications of type 2 diabetes within the target population segment with effective self managerial techniques To spread literacy regarding the development and prognosis of type 2 diabetes within the current population Methods A systematic review of measures aimed towards diabetes management was undertaken using the 4Es model. Eligibility criteria Study of specific characteristics and report characteristics using language, years considered for finding out the relevant journals and status of publication were used as eligibility criteria. Information sources Databases such as MEDLINE, CINAHL, along with peer reviewed journals have been used as information sources Data collection process Conducting of cohort studies with regular reporting of data along with health survey analysis have been used for the data collection process. Risk of bias Publication bias along with selective reporting within studies can increase the chances of loopholes. Outcomes to be predicted The effect of the intervention methods in controlling the growing incidence of diabetes within the present population segment and positive impacts brought about by the same over health advancement strategies. Synthesis of results A systematic review have been conducted for arriving at the suitable result Limitations Reporting biases along with incomplete reporting are some of the limitations Summary of evidence/Conclusion Therefore, implementation of program that has more number of participants can help in spreading the agenda of diabetes management wide and further. Additionally implementation of the 4Es program can further take the program any steps ahead. Table 1: Checklist for systematic review of diabetes prevention programs (Source: Hunt, 2015) Conclusion The current assignment emphasises upon the health promotion and advancement strategies through implementation of educational programs along with enforcement of policy guidelines. For the purpose of which an extensive study has been conducted where sufficient and relevant data has been collected from different data sources such as CINNAHL, MEDLINE, COCHRANE and EMBASE among the few. The data collected had been further evaluated through systematic review for its relevance in the context of diabetes management and control. The systematic review had been used to design a number of research objectives. It is also includes engineering suitable technologies and intermediaries for dealing with the situation. For the current assignment type 2 diabetes management within the Australian community had been taken into consideration. Thus implementing the diabetes awareness and management 4E programs within workplaces can help in the promotion of the health literacy strategies along with establishi ng the parameters of community welfare programs (Aziz et al. 2015). Therefore the goal is to develop a proactive environment where sufficient care and acknowledgment is provided to the ones suffering from diabetes (Pealvo et al. 2013). As mentioned by Srensen et al. (2015) inculcation of technological interventions such as web based learning along with internet diabetes interventions can help in controlling the rates of type 2 diabetes within the concerned population. In this respect, the patient may have difficulty in attending the diabetes management classes. As mentioned by Zaidan et al. (2015) provision of mobile based health services through virtual interfaces could be used as effective health control measures. However as argued by Penman-Aguilar et al.(2016) there are a number of challenges faced in the present context. Some of the difficulties arise due to the gap within the reporting parameters which may be attributed to lack of sufficient resources or incomplete information being gathered (Jones Barry, 2011). Study objectives arising from the evidence In the present context, a systematic review has been conducted of the literature sources focusing upon type 2 diabetes management within the Australian context. For the current study the 4Es of health promotion had been taken into consideration for dealing with the health deterioration and promoting health with reference to the current pandemic. Therefore a systematic review had been conducted for evaluating the different parameters of the research design. Further research objectives have been framed which would be utilised further for the conduct of the study and recording of the needful data. Thus a number of research objectives have been framed over here To control the adverse impact on health of type 2 diabetes within the target population group through implementation of self managerial techniques To spread literacy regarding the development and prognosis of type 2 diabetes within the target population group References Aziz, Z., Absetz, P., Oldroyd, J., Pronk, N. P., Oldenburg, B. (2015). A systematic review of real-world diabetes prevention programs: learnings from the last 15 years. Implementation Science?: IS, 10, 172. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0354-6 Burton, D. L., Levin, B. L., Massey, T., Baldwin, J., Williamson, H. (2016). Innovative Graduate Research Education for Advancement of Implementation Science in Adolescent Behavioral Health.The journal of behavioral health services research,43(2), 172-186. Cook, K. E. (2011). Reliability assessments in qualitative health promotion research.Health promotion international,27(1), 90-101. Dreyhaupt, J., Koch, B., Wirt, T., Schreiber, A., Brandstetter, S., Kesztys, D., ... Hundsdrfer, V. (2012). Evaluation of a health promotion program in children: Study protocol and design of the cluster-randomized Baden-Wuerttemberg primary school study [DRKS-ID: DRKS00000494].BMC Public Health,12(1), 157. Haluza, D. and Jungwirth, D., 2015. ICT and the future of health care: Aspects of health promotion.International Journal of Medical Informatics,84(1), pp.48-57. Hunt, C. W. (2015). Technology and diabetes self-management: An integrative review.World Journal of Diabetes,6(2), 225233. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i2.225 Jones, J., Barry, M. M. (2011). Developing a scale to measure synergy in health promotion partnerships.Global Health Promotion,18(2), 36-44. Lazaroiu, G. (2015). Health reporting in the mainstream media.American Journal of Medical Research,2(2), 124-124. Macridis, S., Bengoechea, E. G., McComber, A. M., Jacobs, J., Macaulay, A. C. (2016). Active transportation to support diabetes prevention: Expanding school health promotion programming in an Indigenous community.Evaluation and program planning,56, 99-108. McPhail-Bell, K., Bond, C., Brough, M. and Fredericks, B., 2016. We dont tell people what to do: ethical practice and Indigenous health promotion.Health Promotion Journal of Australia,26(3), pp.195-199. Pealvo, J. L., Santos-Beneit, G., Sotos-Prieto, M., Martnez, R., Rodrguez, C., Franco, M., ... Fuster, V. (2013). A cluster randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of a school-based behavioral intervention for health promotion among children aged 3 to 5.BMC Public Health,13(1), 656. Penman-Aguilar, A., Talih, M., Huang, D., Moonesinghe, R., Bouye, K., Beckles, G. (2016). Measurement of health disparities, health inequities, and social determinants of health to support the advancement of health equity.Journal of Public Health Management and Practice,22, S33-S42. Popescu, G. H. (2015). Sustainability, public health, and quality of care.American Journal of Medical Research,2(2), 211-211. Srensen, M., Korsmo-Haugen, H. K., Maggini, M., Kuske, S., Icks, A., Rothe, U., ... Zaletel, J. (2015). Health promotion interventions in type 2 diabetes.Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanit,51(3), 192-198. Taggart, L., Cousins, W. (2014).Health promotion for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Turinawe, E. B., Rwemisisi, J. T., Musinguzi, L. K., de Groot, M., Muhangi, D., de Vries, D. H., ... Pool, R. (2015). Selection and performance of village health teams (VHTs) in Uganda: lessons from the natural helper model of health promotion.Human resources for health,13(1), 73. Zaidan, A. A., Zaidan, B. B., Kadhem, Z., Larbani, M., Lakulu, M. B., Hashim, M. (2015). Challenges, alternatives, and paths to sustainability: Better public health promotion using social networking pages as key tools.Journal of medical systems,39(2), 7.