Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay

The excerpt begins with Frankenstein wandering amid the ice of a mountain glacier where suddenly, the Creature approaches him with â€Å"super human speed† (2) and prevents Victor from escaping the confrontation he wishes to avoid. Without a positive identity in society, the Creature is incapable of attaining self-knowledge and thus, serves in Victor’s hidden scheme of being an omniscient, god-like figure. Consequently, the creature demonstrates the desire to participate in his creator’s world, attempting to construct his prejudice by employing language to seek the least recognition from his long-lost â€Å"parent.† This meeting is metaphorically the site of confrontation between son and father with a rhetorical argument, designed to persuade Victor of his duties as a creator to his creation. The encounter takes place in the Alpine setting of the Montanvert Glacier. This cold, hostile, and isolated setting symbolises the Creature’s reception by both his creator and society as a whole. Shelley links the landscape to the Creature’s feelings of rejection through commiserating comments, such as â€Å"the bleak skies I hail for they are kinder to me than your fellow beings† (48). As a result, the Creature craves human companionship and refers to his loneliness several times in the extract: â€Å"All men hate the wretched; how, then, must I be hated who am miserable beyond all living things!† (16) The Creature, a flash of fire on the ice, ruptures the coldness because he embodies the feelings and instincts he represses. On the other hand, the fact that Victor also seeks solace in the mountains makes us wonder if the Creature is Frankenstein’s double; just like a son grows up to be a spitting image of his father. This appears to be a reoccurring theme in Shelley’s Frankenstein. On the surface, Victor and his creature seem drastically different, but ultimately there is not so much of a vast rift. Both inhabit cold, isolated places as they become alienated from society; Victor as a result of his choosing and the Creature as a result of society’s prejudice. Another dominating theme in this extract is injustice. The Creature, appeals to Victor’s humanity stating that legal law allows a man a fair hearing before he is judged: â€Å"The guilty are allowed, by human laws, bloody as they are, to speak in their own defence before they are condemned.† (56) He both demands and begs for the right to tell his story; a combination of pleading a legal case and redeeming himself before his father. Furthermore, Shelley’s allusion of Victor as the rebel figure Prometheus, who defied the Gods by stealing fire from Mount Olympus to give life to humans and was subjected to slow painful torture, is evident here. The Creature returns to haunt him, threatening him with comments such as â€Å"I will glut the maw of death, until it be satiated with the blood of your remaining friends.† (21). In addition, the Creature comes across as God’s Adam, entering the world as an innocent creature. The Creature justifies this by stating â€Å"I was benevolent and good; misery made me a fiend.† (38) Shelley also uses oxymoron to highlight the Creature’s allusion to Adam and also Satan in Paradise Lost: â€Å"I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (36). By using linguistic devices such as oxymoron, the Creature’s eloquence is indeed remarkable. Even his most terrifying threats are expressed with elegantly constructed phrases: â€Å"If you will comply with my conditions, I will leave then and you at peace; but if you refuse, I will glut the maw of death, until it be satisfied with the blood of your remaining friends.†(21) Parallelism and repetition in Shelley’s writing produces a harmonious arrangement of words, suggesting balance and reasoning, which contrast the threats they convoy. Alternatively, Victor’s language is violent and aggressive. His speeches that seem melodramatic, include a minimum of three exclamation marks and theatrical expressions like, â€Å"Be gone, vile insect!† (13) The language here suggests that Victor is really the monstrous one rather than the Creature who comes across as a reasoning, balanced individual. Nevertheless, Victor’s threats seem ironic when we are reminded of the Creature’s superior physical strength and agility. He reminds Victor, â€Å"Thou hast made me more powerful than thyself.† (31)Despite, Victor calls him an â€Å"insect† (13), an image that seems more appropriately applied to Victor himself! This selection provides a blinding backdrop to the delayed meeting between Victor and his creature. At the end of the encounter, my sympathies for the Creature and Frankenstein change as they do several times throughout the novel. This jaw clenching scene is Shelley’s most powerful critique of Frankenstein when she allows the Creature to tell his own story and desires. Alas, Frankenstein’s feelings are emphasised by the words he uses, and he is to me, a prejudiced and heartless being. This passage could have also been used by Shelley to draw sympathy for the Creature. It is difficult to have pity on such an unsightly murderer like Frankenstein’s creation, yet Shelley, through the usage of numerous literary devices, is capable of convincing me that he deserved compassion, not condemnation. Nonetheless, by reading this passage, I have learned that with the Creature, we are forced to confront both figurative and literal monstrosity; questioning ourselves, who really is the monster in this story?

Changing Landscape of Health Care Essay

â€Å"We do not have a health care crisis in this country – we have a health crisis with a health care system incapable of dealing with it.† ~ Mike Huckabee, Former Governor of Arkansas â€Å"We have to move from illness to wellness. Businesses will have to invest in wellness. There is no choice. It’s not philanthropy. It’s enlightened self-interest.† ~ Shrinivas M. Shanbhag, Medical Adviser, Reliance Industries, India â€Å"Our vision should be to have the healthiest people, not just the best health care, in the world. With prevention and wellness as the cornerstone of our health policy, we can be number one in both.† ~ Newt Gingrich â€Å" Shifts taking place The healthcare industry is approaching an exciting model shift in patient engagement as we move away from being a mostly provider driven industry to a consumer driven one. Much like the financial, music, and publishing industries in the past, healthcare is becoming a mobile, consumer -driven industry. In this consumer driven model, patients drive healthcare industry spending and can receive and transmit health-related data in real-time. The main causes for this shift are the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and changing health insurance coverage. These changes have allowed for greater access to, and demand for, health information through smartphones and patient portals. The use of mobile medical devices and technology also empowers patients to take on and share responsibility for recording and transmitting their own health-related data. Under the Affordable Care Act, health insurance exchanges now give patients the option to shop and compare plans in order to determine which has the best value for their individual needs. Being able to compare plans metrics such as premiums, copays, and direct payments side-by-side creates greater cost transparency than ever before in healthcare. These cost transparency and the ability to ultimately determine  which coverage is right for them gives patients the power to become active healthcare consumers, rather than passive participants in the current system. As healthcare consumers, they expect to have the best quality of care and value the customer experience above all else. Under this new model, patients are empowered to closely monitor their healthcare spending and their own health, interact with the healthcare system outside the hospital walls, and employ the use of technology to improve their conditions. Current and potential challenges Americans have seen a raise in health care expenses during the 1980s, the results were extensive; managed care were assumed by employer-sponsored health plans. To a certain extent, managed care methodologies were implemented for some Medicaid and Medicare enrollees. During the 1990s, new Medicare reimbursement policies and the well-known acceptance of managed care plans had noticeably reduced the growth rate of health care expensive. All available studies show that Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and other managed care plans have provided health care of equal or better medical quality to out-of-date covered insurance plans at a lower cost. While the country’s economy grow stronger during the late 1990s, anxieties about overall health care costs diminished, â€Å"and the public became less willing to accept restrictions on the enrollee’s choice of physician and the physician’s treatment choices† (Luke, 2001). Health care recipient’s outlook à ¢â‚¬Å"turned against the concept of managed care as a result of backlash from both physicians and consumers.† (Luke, 2001) How health care is handling challenges. Many of the challenges Academic Medical Centers (AMCs) face in the current environment are well understood and widely recognized even if the solutions are not. Faster provider consolidation, both horizontally and vertically, over the past several years is reshaping the competitive landscape. Community-based providers are gaining the size and strength to drive market dynamics and negotiate on equal or better footing with payers. Competitors are also gaining new competencies, keeping and caring for more patients themselves. This has begun to impact AMCs’ referral streams and their ability to maintain market share. There are already a growing number of markets across the country where AMCs are experiencing flat-to-declining inpatient volume growth and losing their dominant market position to large,  evolving systems. Government and commercial payers are aggressively advancing value-based payment methodologies and steering patients to lower cost providers. AMCs which tend to have higher costs-to-serve than their community-based counterparts will face difficulty competing for services others also provide at acceptable levels. AMCs looki ng to thrive in this environment need to find ways to coordinate with other types of providers across the continuum to reorient the site of care to more cost effective settings and control quality, variation and outcomes. AMCs also need partners along the continuum to position themselves as primary contracting entities under population health or risk becoming â€Å"commodity† providers in their markets. AMCs must contend with unprecedented financial pressures as healthcare reform rolls out over the next several years. Conclusion Today, health care costs are on the rise. The US spends considerably more on each person for health care than are other developed countries, there are no obvious progress in the healthcare outcomes. Assessments show that in the next 30 years, health care costs will again rise at a rate faster than that of the economy. The impact of an aging population will further reflect the rising cost of health care, by the year 2030, more than 20 percent of individuals 65 years or older. At that time we will be headed for another crisis. â€Å"However, the environment has changed: As a result of the experience of the last 10 years, the public is now less willing to accept changes to the health care system, and the concept of managed care has negative connotations. Consequently, the crisis may potentially be even worse than that we experienced a decade ago if we are unable to find ways to control health care expenditures†.(Luke, 2001) References Khan, F. (2014). The Shift to Consumer Driven Healthcare. The future of patient engagement. Retrieved from: http://healthcare-executive-insight.advanceweb.com Luke, R. T. (2001). Health care in the United States: current and future challenges. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729444 Peterson, H. (2014). Becker’s Hospital Review. Challenging Healthcare Landscape Fertile Ground for Academic Medical Centers. Retrieved from: http://www.beckershospital review.com/strategic-planning

Inventory Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Inventory Management - Assignment Example ntory management software company and still maintains this as strongest value proposition in its portfolio; yet over time, the company is now able to offer complete end-to-end supply chain solutions through acquisitions and mergers. The company’s most popular and successful product for inventory management is the updated version of inventory management software, which had been its initial product. The inventory management techniques of both companies have been critically analyzed to answer the below mentioned questions. RGIS generally manages a whole range of products ranging from retail to healthcare. It provides clients with technological edge over the competitors, thereby simultaneously reducing the cycle time and stock outs and maintaining a healthy average inventory. The company holds a number of patents in the area of perpetual inventory and specialized software for physical as well as online counting of inventory. RGIS manages inventory of clients through its revolutionary smart warehousing concept through which company utilizes tracking software so as to maintain count of the inventory in warehouses and in transportation throughout the world (RGIS, 2014a). The inventory positioning can be specifically pointed through RFID tags, which are attached to each consignment in transit as well as in-house inventory present in warehouses. Hence, the company provides complete visibility of the entire supply chain to clients. On the other hand, JDA Software offers clients the software, which helps to m anage entire supply chain. The company has been able to formulate innovative inventory management services like, inventory planning and scenario planning. JDA Software helps clients to manage inventory by producing relevant inventory through master production schedules, current inventory levels and materials requirement planning integration. It also uses scenario analysis to enable customers to predict appropriate inventory levels in current market scenarios. Thus, the

Environmental Ethics - Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental Ethics - Climate Change - Essay Example This lack of action on climate change has the potential to turn this world into an inhabitable place for the future generations. Climate change can be considered as one of the most challenging issues in this era of development, and it has to be the moral responsibility of every individual and government to take action against climate change to make this earth a safer place for future generations. A recent report commissioned by the World Bank has stated that by the end of this century the world will become warmer by 4oC and to avoid this, stringent measures need to be taken immediately. The report has already observed the negative impacts of climate change on human health from events like rising sea level, draughts, heat waves etc (Climate Change Report....., 2013). Climate change Some of the sun’s heat that reaches the earth’s surface gets absorbed and the rest gets radiated back to the atmosphere in the form of infrared heat. However, 90% of the heat gets absorbed by the greenhouse gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc and is radiated back to the earth’s surface thereby rising the temperature of the earth. Human activities are to a large extent responsible for the creation of these gases. The most common factor is burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil which increases the level of carbon dioxide (CO2). Some lesser contributory human factors for production of greenhouse gases are clearing of land for agriculture and industry. Today, human beings heavily rely on industrial activities, and these have â€Å"raised atmospheric carbon dioxide levels from 280 parts per million to 379 parts per million in the last 150 years.† The general belief among climate scientists is that greenhouse gases produced by human activities have a 90 percent contribution towards the rise of earth’s temperature in the past five decades (A Blanket around the earth, n.d.). The impacts of climate change are manifold. Ice ha s been melting at a rapid pace all over the world especially at the poles like mountain glaciers and ice sheets in West Antarctica and Greenland, and also Arctic sea ice. There has been an increase in rain and snowfall across the world, and sea level has risen considerably in the last century. Continuous global warming can cause increased rate of natural calamities like hurricanes and other storms, floods and draughts (Effects of global warming, 2007). Climate change is also affecting the economy and health of human beings. The increasing heat and heat waves can have extreme effects on health and can also cause deaths. Climate change also increases the probability of diseases that get transmitted by food, water and insects (An Introduction to climate change, 2011). Climate change is also having negative effects on global economy. According to a recent study, nearly 400,000 people are dying annually all over the world that puts a dent in the world economy by $1.2 trillion. This decre ases the world GDP by 1.6%. The effect is more common in developing countries whose main occupation is agriculture. Climate change can destroy crops and other agricultural products and this leads to massive deaths caused by poverty, malnutrition, hunger and other related diseases. Burning of fossil fuels causes air pollution that kills almost 4.5 million people per year. But the extreme impacts of economies will be caused by weather extremities like droughts, floods and hurricanes

Methodism is described as being born in song; discuss the role of Essay

Methodism is described as being born in song; discuss the role of hymnody in the theology and practice of Methodism - Essay Example Young John was travelling to Georgia as a preacher when a big storm struck the ship, threatening the lives of the travellers. While most of them including John were worried about the prospect, a group of German Moravian Christians sat calmly through the whole period singing devotional songs (Galli et al 2000). In the end the whole party arrived safely in the United States, but it appears that the calm faith of the Moravians, their devotion, and their singing had an impact of John Wesley. This could have been one of the reasons why John brought in the concept of hymnody into the prayers of the Methodist Church. Other authors also share this belief regarding the role of hymnody in Wesley’s and the Methodist Churches’ reliance on songs. The book, ‘A panorama of Christian hymnody’ states that his contact with the German priests also inspired him to learn their language and to translate many of the German hymns into English (Routkey & Richardson 2005). This ferv ent hymn by John Wesley is an indication of his deep rooted belief in the power of songs in prayer. â€Å"O for a thousand tongues to sing my great redeemer’s praise, The Glories of my God and King. The Triumphs of His Grace† (Wilkinson 1992). The use of the words ‘a thousand tongues’ and ‘sing’ is indicative of this core belief of the Methodist church as founded by Wesley. As mentioned earlier, the Wesley brothers practiced an evangelical form of preaching and began to use hymn books in their weekly gatherings usually in homes and other areas not belonging to the church (Creamer 1848). There are also reports that this practice along with audience participation came in for extensive criticism from many quarters in England during that time. But his practice of Friday gatherings in order to sing the praise of the Lord began to be noticed and many other communities began

American unemployment and how it effects the economy Essay

American unemployment and how it effects the economy - Essay Example t 2010) article discussing the same report indicated similar positive indicators and speculated on the nature of the connection between the economy and the unemployment figures. It attributed the lowered rates to both the general flux of the economy, and the most recent stimulus package. It states that, â€Å"All the well-known private economic research firms estimate that it’s had a huge impact. IHS Global Insight, for instance, says the economy has about 1.7 million more jobs today than it would have had without the stimulus.† While one would conceivably believe this to be indicative of a recovering economy a number of researchers argue that the percentage change is not as beneficial as observers might believe. Cook (2010) discusses that overall the unemployment rate remains awful, â€Å"men (10 percent), teenagers (26.4 percent), African-Americans (16.5 percent), and Hispanics (12.6 percent).† Other negative indicators are that the number of people who have been unemployed for 27 weeks or more has actually increased with this report, and that the amount of people who have stopped looking for work has increased to over 1 million, from the 500,000 figure of last year. It is also estimated that for the economy to keep pace with population growth, and the unemployment numbers to at least remain stable, the country would have to produce more than 140,000 new jobs per month (Leonhardt 2010). Other researchers state that the findings also indicate that the recession is worse than was originally assumed. The New York Times (Leonhardt 2010) stated that the reports indicate the economy had 1.4 million fewer jobs last year than was originally reported. An Economist (2010) article points out that even when the economy begins to recover certain job sectors may never see pre-recession employment figures. It argues that, â€Å"The past decade’s jobs in retail and in entertainment were largely supported by household borrowing. Not only is a new wave of borrowing unlikely to

Massachusetts Puritans English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Massachusetts Puritans English - Research Paper Example Furthermore, it expounds on the central doctrines of Puritan faith of depravity, or that everyone existed in a state of corruption, wickedness, and evil, and the doctrine of grace, the belief for some Puritans that they were saved by God and would surely be joining Him in heaven when they died. Finally, it illustrates that the Puritans believed just how easy it would be for a person to lose their faith; this could be lost, no matter how strongly they held it close to them, or how strongly they felt that they had attained that state of grace. Goodman Brown begins his journey believing without a doubt that he is in what Puritans referred to as â€Å"a state of grace†; he believes himself to be one of the â€Å"elect†, meaning that he knows that he will go to heaven. He even muses to himself about the journey that he is about to take and the lament he feels about leaving his wife, even for that one night. He believes that she understands, saying â€Å"well, she is as bles sed angel on earth; and after this one night, I’ll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven.† Intellectually, and as a whole, Puritans subscribed to the fact that the grace of God and eternal salvation could neither be earned nor denied, even though they spent quite literally the whole of their lives, from birth to death and in between, wondering if their deeds would be gracious enough to earn them a place in heaven (Reis 13). Ministers often preached and delivered sermons to â€Å"three different audiences†, even through one service, as there were those who felt that they were assured of heavenly salvation, those that felt that they could receive it if they humbled themselves to God and His will a little more, and those that believed that they were never going to see heaven, no matter what their thoughts and deeds were (Reis 15). Goodman Brown obviously believes himself to be in the first category, most likely through living a life free of sin and wicked dee ds, and having been in constant prayer and humble service to the Lord. When Goodman Brown is first joined by the Devil on his walk, he boasts to him about how his faith is strong, and that he will never lose it. He states, â€Å"We have been a race of honest men and good Christians since the days of the martyrs†¦we are a people of prayer, and good works to boot, and abide no such wickedness.† Yet, as he walks on, it becomes clear that his faith is not as strong as he thought it was. He sees that others in his village have been consorting with the Devil, including Goody Cloyse, who taught him his catechism (religious studies) as a child, and the minister from the town church. The climax comes when Goodman Brown thinks that his wife is also in league with the Devil, causing him to lose his faith in his fellow man and his wife. Much of this is due to the fact that while Puritans held close the doctrine of grace, they held even closer the doctrine of depravity, and believed, without question, that humanity existed in a state of corruption due to â€Å"original sin†, and only those in a state of grace, or those that were considered the â€Å"elect†, would go to heaven with the Lord; the rest, ultimately, were doomed to an eternity of Hell (Fischer 23). Goodman Brown, then, suffers due to two points of the Puritan doctrine, not just one: first, because he now thinks that many in his village that he believed were surely in a state of grac

Israeli-Iran Conflict Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Israeli-Iran Conflict - Research Paper Example A wide range of threats are evident with the current nuclear production in Iran that includes even asymmetric warfare. Iran acts strategically in this conflict and by gaining her support from Iraq and Afghanistan, she posses even a greater threat to other countries. Global economy runs at a risk if Iran would target the Gulf area, which is the main hub of all petroleum exports to global market. Thus, the Iran-Israeli conflict puts into picture other players such as the United States, Iraq and the southern gulf (Cordesman, 2011, 1). Israel has threatened to strike the nuclear energy plants in Iran for what she calls a bleach of the policy of international sanctions, in which Iran was prohibited from furthering her nuclear weapon production. This was confirmed by a report released by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on 14 September 2012 (Racimora, 2012, 1). Unconfirmed rumors indicate that Israel might be planning a preemptive air strike to the nuclear states in Iran. Much has been speculated on a possible collaboration of Israel and the United States in the preemptive strike mission. This has been discussed in details, spilling over even to the recent presidential polls in the U.S. Speculations showed a possible erupt of a war between the two countries during this time and this was a key campaign issue over the two presidential contenders; Mitt Romney and the newly elected president Barrack Obama

Rising Oil Prices Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rising Oil Prices - Research Proposal Example Fuel prices have risen and affected every nation in the world since the early years of this decade. Nandia Mongia (2008) reports that crude oil prices have increased in the world market from 22 U.S. Dollars up to almost $90 U.S. Dollars per barrel. This affected the prices of petroleum products like diesel, kerosene, propane, and gasoline and hit lower-income households. Figure 1 shows the rising trend of oil products from 2000 up to 2006. Mongia (2008) mentions five (5) reasons for the rising of oil prices: (1) increasing demands for oil in the world market, (2) reduction of buffers, (3) uncertain oil supply, (4) assumption in the global oil market, and (5) lack of investments on exploration and refining. Robert Hirsch et al. (2005) mentions the notion of oil peaking. They note as perceived by geologists, oil is a limited source found under the earth's crust and its production will soon reach its peak or maximum and from there production will decline. They also emphasize that oil peaking is not related with running out of oil but it only describes the maximum production rate of an oil reservoir when half of its oil is recovered. (Hirsh et al. 2005) Oil peaking can be attributed to rising oil prices since the decreasing supply of oil may not meet the required demand so prices will go up in order to decrease the demand. Figure 2 explains the shift of the supply curve (S1 - S2) and the rise of equilibrium price ($1 - $2 ) because of the decrease in oil production. Figure 2 C. Implications of the Rise in Oil Prices Mongia (2008) finds that the macroeconomic effects of the increase in prices of oil are not yet seen. As shown in Figure 3, the inflation brought by the increase in the average price of crude in 2000's was matched by the growth of the world's real GDP although signs of slowdown were seen. For the developing countries in Asia, the effects of inflation hampered GDP growth which has not changed since 2004. (Mongia 2008) Oliver Blanchard and Jordi Gali (2008) prove four (4) reasons for the mild impacts of the recent oil price increase: (1) lack of adverse shocks which happened in the 1970's, (2) lesser share of oil in production, (3) highly flexible labor markets, and (4) enhancements in the monetary policy. Figure 3 (Real GDP Growth, Crude Price 1990 - 2006) On the other hand, the microeconomic effects of the rise in oil prices were experienced by the poor. As stated by Mongia (2008), many developing countries are oil dependent and spend more resources on importing oil. Poor households use petroleum products like kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, diesel, gasoline, and chemical fertilizers in their daily living. The rise of in the prices of oil will force them to use other sources like biomass or fuel wood and crop remains. These effects will harm some Millennium

Difference Between Self Esteem and Self Confidence Essay Example for Free

Difference Between Self Esteem and Self Confidence Essay * Difference between self esteem and self confidence Self confidence and self confidence are linked but they are not the same thing. Your self esteem is how much you like yourself, how you see yourself. What we see when we look in the mirror. Self esteem is somewhat passive and isnt something others can observer in you. While, if we look at, self confidence. It is something more active, and describes our abilities and willingness to interact with the world around us. By comparison, we can see how self confidently somebody (or even a group such as a ports team) is acting. Self esteem is the idea about yourself. It is how much you value yourself and how important you think you are. It is the acceptance, respect, trust and belief in you. Self confidence means that you believe in your own abilities. Self confidence is related to self assurance, you are proud of your own abilities. You are positive, take risks and set goals and reachable standards. With self-confidence you have the certainty that you can do it . Self esteem is valuing oneself unconditionally, if you are alive you can have full self- esteem. Go on, you have permission. Self-esteem is valuing yourself as a human being. You are alive, you have the powers of thought, emotion, speech ; movement. You can do things! When you think about the amazing freedom of being alive and being able to think, feel, speak and behave as you want, this is awe inspiring. No matter what you do or who you are you can esteem yourself. Self-confidence is having the confidence that you can do this or that thing. It is about your skills and performance and is conditional. If you are competent at a certain skill, you can be confident that you can do that. Confidence is conditional upon you being good at the said skill. If you are not good at it, there is no use being confident. If you are confident that you can skydive buy youVe never done it before and know nothing about it, that is recipe for disaster. Your confidence will improve naturally as your competence increases. There is another element that you can be confident in that can help you improve your confidence at any skill.

Comparing China And Germanys Business Cultural Differences

Comparing China And Germanys Business Cultural Differences In a country, the behaviour of the individuals and their work ethic value is determined by the national culture. It also varies from country to country. Academic such as Suku et al (2007), stated that, managers who interferes should not label peoples value, orientation and attitudes of others based on the values of their local cultures. It is important to understand that cultures differs from one place to another, Chinese culture differs from Europeans cultures. In China, they attached importance on hierarchy in an organization. hofstede study is one of the widely recognized cultural identification and measurement which have also received wide criticism. As regards to China, they have strong ethic and clan attachment, because Chinese managers are educated locally. Most often it is easy to find Chinese managers generally middle age and family business owners ranging from small to medium size. Suku (2007:p5). Similarly, Chineses governments are seeking to build Chinese brand, and produ cts that will compete globally with the aim of becoming global champion. They seek to adapt the image of chine in business and protect indigenous companies from foreign competition. Consequently, Germany is an already established economy being the third richest country in the world and the richest in Europe. Management style in western European is also different from the Chinese management style. Germany for instance have so much bureaucracy and hidden group of advisors which makes decision making process slow unlike China where decisions are taken by powerful individuals discussed in power distance in this assignment. However, the management style in western culture appears more transparent and reliable than in China and some Asian cultures. This assignment will discuss the cultural differences in China and Germany using, Hofstedes and Schwartzs theories, monochronic-pluralistic, compare high and low context culture, Trompenaar`s framework and other concepts. The assignment will also discussed the impact of adapting good cross cultural practices by local managers across borders. The answer to the assignment question will be provided based on some changes with r elation to the discussions in this assignment. 2. Comparing and Contrasting China and Germany Cultural Differences using Hofstede and Schwartz Cultural Framework Individuals are inclined by cultural norms, tradition, religions and local belief which are unlikely to be affected by changes. However, as civilization reaches different part of the world, individual are learning to adapt to their new environment in doing business. Some of the hofsteded studies and concepts are discussed below. A. Power distance There is no doubts that some societies are unequal than others but some are more unequal than others. Power distance describes the relationship which exists between the less powerful and the more powerful people in the community. According to Hofstede (1983b), power distance also refers to the hierarchy and the extent employees feel to be dependent on their managers at work. Human life is associated with hierarchy, China culture have comparative wider gap between the high and low, which leads to the rich feeling powerful and respected by the people, there is also lower prospect of movement between different classes, or levels. High power cultures like China expects supervisors to be the decision makers, and be the problem solvers, people are scare of disagreeing with the supervisors. Members of high power distance accept inequality as part of the culture. However, in low power distance such as Germany, people can disagree with their supervisors and feel confident to disagree with supervisors and as a means of defense members will often express an upward aggression although secretly and does not fear for confrontation with their boss. Hofstede (1983a). Members earn their respect and power can only be gained by the best and the best earns it, people do not gain power by merely influencing others by their position or money. There is low significant gap between the boss and the employees and the inequality among the people are minimal. Members require independent from their boss and do not require central authority and autonomy. People are not afraid to fight for their rights which make inequality unacceptable . B. Individualism/collectivism According to Hofatede (1983a), individualism collectivism is the degree identity is based on the individual and the extent the individual is incorporated in the group rather than the group or system. In other words, this distinguishes between the individual and individual collectivity. Gibson et al (1998). Individualism collectivism is also the reflection of ones ethic and way of life. According to Hofstede research, Germany are included in the high individualism places which places high value on ones willpower and individual initiatives. Individual self justification is based on personal achievements and self evaluation. Individuals judgment comes from both their personal achievement and the values place on the recognition by the society. Early et al (1999). In such culture, members pay more attention in themselves and their immediate family than the group. There is freedom of expression and right to owns opinion. Members of high individualistic cultures show more acceptance to aggressive behaviour than members of low individualistic culture. Therefore in Germany national culture, people will not be afraid to express their opinion or defend themselves and would sometimes go any length to accelerate their success. Whereas, in a collectivism or low individualism culture such as China, members show more attention to group identity, strong ties rather than ones self. Members are born in these societies and include extended families. According to Markus and Kitayama (1991), collectivists are satisfied when the group succeeds and judges their own success and failure on the activities of their association. Group needs take preference over the needs of the individual, and members frown at aggressive behaviour since disagreement will disrupt the group harmony and collective state objectives. Bergeron and Schneider (2005). C. Masculinity/ femininity As Hofstede (1980, 1983b) stated, masculinity/femininity can be distinguished by the level of roles distributions between the genders in the societies and the true biological difference being procreation. Similarly, these roles have being identified across the world as a social sex role division. National cultures which has masculinity shows the same values, however, under the same conditions, men`s show different value. Men values are different from women because men are competitive while women are modest and caring. According to Hofstede (1980), aggressive pole are label masculinity and self-effacing pole as feminine. Hofstede identified the national business culture of Germany and China as masculinity. Masculine expression is seen as aggressive, sound, cogent, and not personalized, while feminine expression is judged as cautious, welcoming, indirect, emotional, prejudiced and polite. Pearson (1981). In both Germany and China cultures, they show masculine characters, emotions are n ot expressed, men dominates discussions, and ineffective listeners, members of masculine cultures are more likely to exhibits aggression. Borisoff and Merrill (1985). In summary, According to the authors, femininity has been identified as being polite, humbly behaved, obedient and emotional, members does not support aggression and pay more attention on interpersonal relationship. 3. Reviewing countries against Trompenaar`s framework Universalism v Particularism Universalism and particularism refers to the way societies apply the law of morality and ethics. In a universalism culture, people believe they can learn all that is true and good and always determined to defend the truth. The rule of particularism is based on human judgment and friendship. Germany is an example of a universalism culture, where rules and contract are made and applied in all circumstances. Due to the universalistic approach In Germany, contract are interpreted and communicated based on the terms of the agreement which also define the relationship that exist between the parties in business. However, in a particularistic culture such as China, deciding what is right or wrong depends on the exact situation and relationships of the people involved. For the Chinese, relationship is defined based on the individual involved and the circumstances. In China, legal contract only emphasizes the beginning of a contract terms of agreement which often changes with the circumstances. International business culture tends toward the universalistic idea. In universalistic culture such as Germany, there is greater competition among employees for better job and higher earning without regarding relationship whereas in China, employee focus solely on relationship. There is always room for change in a particuistic culture, rules and regulations are flexible. Finally, these differences in culture are a huge challenges for international companies wishing to enter global market in this countries, although sometimes, these changes may prove to be an advantage. 4. High context versus low context It is essential to consider the cultural differences and the most common communication process in individualistic and collectivistic cultures to communicate effectively. This difference is best explained using low and high context communication. The context depends on the extent you know before you can communicate successfully. Problem often arise due to information sharing when workers from low and high context have to work together. This is sometimes grouped as differences in direction, quality and quantity. High context refers to societies or group where people have close connection and relationship over a long period of time. As a result of many years of interaction with each other, majority of the people know what to do and what to expect from members therefore cultural behaviour are not clearly laid out. Workers from High context cultures such as China adapt to their friends and stays very close to their families and colleagues. Workers also want to share information about various other topics among themselves. These keep every member of the group up to date with current events around the community and business. Whereas, Low context refers to societies or group appears to have many connections for a short period of time or for a purpose. Since members have shorter connections, cultural behaviours are clearly laid out in order to enable people entering the environment to understand what is expected of them and how to behave. Consequently, low context cultures such as Germany familiarizes with as mush people as possible in their everyday life because differentiation between groups are less. Workers only share minimum information enough to carry out their work, people rarely discuss or share information amongst colleagues. In China, people exchange information both at work and in private, which makes communication very proficient. They discussed everything in advance and agree on a common decision which is announced and approved in an official meeting which the people regards as ceremonious. The Chinese values this practice and regard it as dignifying. In contrast, the Germans are very formal, would not disclose agenda for a meeting before the actual time. They would only discuss important information in the meeting which will enable everyone present contributes to the decision making process. High context societies also have dense, strong boundaries, intersecting networks and favours relationship higher than tasks while low context culture have wide networks , loose and favours tasks more than relationships. 5. Monochronic v Polychronic cultures In a monochronic culture, people prefer doing one single thing at a time while in a polychromic culture, people would prefer to multi task at the same time. National business cultural norm in a polychromic culture comprises of an open door policy, meeting and business all at the same time. Germany is a monochronic culture while China is a polychronic. These differences can sometime cause problem in business transaction, example, a German prefer a close door conversation during business meeting and would not like to be interrupted by phone calls or people intruding into the office. They feel less important and disrespected if business is going on at the same time the phone is ringing and staff interrupting the conversation. The Chinese have a flexible time manner which allows them to switch from one task to other as the need arise. To a polychronic, time is unending, and flows like the sea from endless past to present unto the future. For a monochronic such as German, only one thing is permitted at a time until is successfully completed before they can switch to another. Monochronic also regards time as distinct, with an ending, they see as a single unit of hours, minutes and seconds. They prefer to plan, organize their schedules around the ticking of the time. They value time so much that lateness is not acceptable, punctuality is compulsory and people are expected to meet deadlines at work. In Polychronic cultures such as China, people like to relax, enjoy themselves, and be the person they are rather than weighing themselves down with the highly demanding world of business planning and activities. They do not regard lateness as an offense and people are allowed to work around their schedule as long as the work is completed. 6. Conclusion From the above discussions, this assignment will therefore conclude that National Business Cultures are affected by the Changing Environments. Language, Aesthetics, religion, education, attitudes and values, social organisation are some of the changes that affect the national business of a country. Some of these are discussed briefly below. Language Language to a greater extent determines the values and nature of the society. In some countries several dialects deters the business interaction among the people. Sub-cultural languages are also some of the causes of communication and tribal problems in some countries. As people travel from one place to another, language can be an advantage or disadvantage in engaging in business. As people interact they feel more confident to trust others and adapt some of the cultural norms discussed above. Languages also affect relationship and how work is done in both a monochronic and polychronic society. Language also carrying different meaning in a high and low context culture, these concepts often relate to the balance between the spoken and non spoken language. In a high context culture such as China, messages carry different meaning, it is important to understand some of the hidden cultural meaning in a message, whereas in a low context what is said carries the same meaning of the message. Religion According to hofstede (1991), China is an Atheist society, their religion is best understood by the study of Confucius teaching and concepts. In some countries religions laws are used to govern a state and will restrict individual willpower and initiatives in doing certain business. Chinese government supports this belief which reflects the attitudes of the peoples in relation to carefulness and determination. Belief and religion will also determine the level of individualistic-collectivistic of a society. However, National Business practices are changing because younger people are being educated in western style business schools and culture. Also organizations are obliged to adapt their products and services to the local culture n order not to be offensive, unlawful or not tasty to the local nation. In 2007, several advertisement relating to pig which ban in order not to offend the 2% Muslim Chinese minority, the ban was to include any picture which represents any aspect of pig meat such as sausages or picture cartoon. Consequently, Germans religion is divided into Roman Catholic and Protestants which is also practices across Europe. There is no compulsory religion in Germany, as religion is not mixed with politic. There s freedom of everything. As people belief is constants changing, the national business environment is also affected. Attitudes and values Individual Attitudes and values changes from place to place and can also change among people in the same country. It is also important to understand the local environment and the culture before entering the market. Universalism and particularism are also some of the cultural practice that changes by the attitude and values in the society. Chinese people will not do business with a stranger and prefer to do business with someone they know and can trust. Companies wishing to do businesses in China have to form friendship with the local people to establish friendship and trust not just for a short time but on a long time bases in order whereas the reverse is the case in Germany. Similarly, in some cases, promotional messages or delicate branding are designed according to the local cultures, managing local employee also may pose a challenge. Example, In 2004, China ban a Nike TV advert which shows a basketball star in a fight with kung fu master cartoon because the advert is an insult to Chinese national dignity. The effect of attitude and value on national business of a country is an important ingredient which has to be clearly studied and understood in constantly reviewed in order to keep on track the changes that may hinder businesses with the country. Education The degree of interaction between people in a society depends on the level of education. Education also determines how messages are communicated to the people and the medium of communication. The level of education among people changes from country to country. Example, it is difficult to use communication messages such as written materials to advertise in a country with a low literacy level, in such country, it will be wish to use radio advertising with audio communication and billboards. Branding and labeling of the products is another medium of advertising in such society. In China, most management courses are taught according to the standard of the western culture. As more people get educated in western way of thinking, this unarguably boasted business culture and enable modern theories and business model to take over rigid and traditional leadership style. Moreover, the need for advancement in research and development is a significant influence for both China and Germany who alwa ys seek to improve their business environment. However, as a result of word counts and limit, this will not be elaborated any further. Finally, the discussion can point out to the fact that National business culture of a nation is affected to the changing environment. 7. Management style and managing across borders Finally, in discussing some of the facts important to Saudi managers to succeed across borders in business, they should learn the management style, culture of the local people and respect their cultural differences. It is important to develop how to manage cultural diversity, differences and conflicts, dealing with issues such as control and coordination, communication and teamness Marquardt et al, Shenkar and Zeira, (2001) Cultural diversity and language difference is a challenge to any multinational company. When doing business in countries like China, managers should seek to build a lasting relationship with the local people to gain their trust and friendship. When cultural differences are neglected at work several challenges such as conflict occurs. It is important to recognize others and built flexible team, empower team members and involve staff in decision making process. When intercultural skills are ignored, results may be rage, communication barrier, and difficulty in sharing knowledge. Managers should be empathic and understand the cultural practice in countries where they are operating. Some of these cultures have great significant in the individuals and society in general as discussed above, it is therefore necessary to acquire the norms and focus on how businesses should adapt to theses cultural practices across border as stated in this assignment. Managers should understand Hofstede and Schwartz theories, monochronic polychronic, individualistic collectivistic and other cultural differences discussed in this assignment and apply them correctly in individual nation. Managers should understand what their local business environment requires and design products and services to meet such demands which will encourage universalism. They should ensure business in done in an open way according to the nations managerial style and culture example in Germany where employee competition is encouraged by companies. In conclusion, managers should always reflects on their local culture, and apply the ethic and values in cross cultural borders as a means to understanding how other nations operate before judging them. 8. References Suku Bhaskaran (2007), National culture, business culture and management practices, consequential relationships Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia, and Nishal Sukumaran. The Melbourne Business School. Australia Cross Cultural Management, international Journal vol 14 no 1. 2007 pp 54-67 Dickson et al., 2003 Business Journal of Management vol 3 issue 3 Suku Bhaskaran (2007), National culture, business culture and management practices, consequential relationships, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia, and Nishal Sukumaran. The Melbourne Business School, Australia Cross Cultural Management, an International Journal vol 14 no 1, 2007 p5 Euromonitor, China: How to Get a Piece of the Action in Beauty and Personal Care. December 2009 Hofstede, (1991, p. 28).The strategic alliances between the American and German companies a cultural perspective. European Business Review Vol. 16 No. 1, p 28 Hofstede (1994). The strategic alliance between the American and German companies a cultural perspective. European Business Review vol 16 no 1,p 29 Glunk, U., Wilderom, C. and Ogilvie, R. (1999), Finding the key to German-style management, International Studies of Management and Organization, Vol 26 No 3, pp 93-108. Triandis, H.C. (1993), Cultural values in intergroup and single group social dilemmas, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 77 No 3, pp 171-91. China business Ettequett accessed online at www.cyborlink.com/besite/China.htm Arvind V Phatak. Rabi S Bhagat, Roger j Kashlak (2005) managing in diverse and dynamic global environment, International management textbook, p 160 .Hofstede (1994). The strategic alliances between the American and German companies a cultural perspective. European Business Review vol 16 no 1. p 29 .Schwartzs (1999). The strategic alliances between the American and German companies a cultural perspective. European Business Review vol 16 No. 1, p 28 . Khaled Abdou (2003). The strategic alliances between the American and German companies, a cultural perspective vol 16 issues 1 (2003) . Hofsteded (1991) Chinese employees work values vol 129 issue 2 . Ju (1993) the impact of culture on Chinese employees work values, Journal of Public Relation Vol 36 issues 1 (PR) . Kogut, B. and Singh, H. 1988, the effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of International Business Studies, vol 19 no 3, pp. 411-32. (www.imf.org). Higgs, B. (2006). Environmental scanning pest or pleasure, Marketing magazine, 2006, 52-53 .Euromonitor, China. How to Get a Piece of the Action in Beauty and Personal Care. December 2009 Times online 2010. www.timesonline.com/news .www.bbc.co.uk/news/business link Barry Bozeman and Jeffrey D. Straussman, Public Management Strategies, Guidelines for Managerial Effectiveness. Oxford, Jossey Bass Publishers 1990. . Shenkar and Zeira, (1992) The relationship between intercultural effectiveness and perceived project team performance in the context of international development. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 33, 2009, 383 Time newspapers April 15th 2001

Paralysis in Dubliners Essay -- Literacy Analysis

In his letters, Joyce himself has said that Dubliners was meant â€Å"to betray the soul of that hemiplegia or paralysis which many consider a city† (55). The paralysis he was talking about is the paralysis of action. The characters in Dubliners exemplify paralysis of action in their inability to escape their lives. In another of Joyce’s writings, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Joyce writes of Ireland: â€Å"When the soul of a man is born in this country there are nets flung at it to hold it back from flight. You talk to me of nationality, language, religion. I shall try to fly by those nets† (Joyce 238). The characters of Dubliners face similar nets that prevent them from escaping their lives. Unfortunately, their attempts to â€Å"fly by those nets† are not always present; the characters often do not try to break out of their lives (as in â€Å"Clay†). In the case that they do attempt to break their paralysis, the characters typically fail, or at least such is the case for the time before and during the story that the reader observes. The causes of this persistent paralysis vary between the characters: some are paralyzed by lack of motivation or fear, others by familial or other bonds; by religion, addictions, by simple lack of resources, or misconceptions or misinterpretations of events or words. Most all of the characters in the stories covered in class share fear or lack of will as the cause for their being paralyzed in their lives. To give an example, Chandler from â€Å"A Little Cloud† wants to break free of his dull life to become a writer and explore the world. However, he lacks confidence in himself. â€Å"Shyness had always held him back,† in all aspects of his life, from reading poetry to his wife to enter... ...ple no matter what city they are in. But as Joyce shows us, the possibility is there to break out of the mold; to create a meaningful life from a once dull existence. Works Cited Brendle, Mark. "Paralysis and Epiphany in Dubliners." Web log post. Unabashedly Bookish. Barnes & Noble, 14 Oct. 2010. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. Fairhall, James. â€Å"Joyce's DUBLINERS.† Explicator 43.2 (1985): 28. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York, B.W. Huebsch, 1922. Print. Joyce, James. Dubliners. Ed. Margot Norris. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006. Print. Joyce, James. Letters of James Joyce. Ed. Stuart Gilbert. New York: Viking, 1957. Print. Rice, Thomas Jackson. "Paradigm Lost: `Grace' And The Arrangement Of Dubliners." Studies In Short Fiction 32.3 (1995): 405. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. Paralysis in Dubliners Essay -- Literacy Analysis In his letters, Joyce himself has said that Dubliners was meant â€Å"to betray the soul of that hemiplegia or paralysis which many consider a city† (55). The paralysis he was talking about is the paralysis of action. The characters in Dubliners exemplify paralysis of action in their inability to escape their lives. In another of Joyce’s writings, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Joyce writes of Ireland: â€Å"When the soul of a man is born in this country there are nets flung at it to hold it back from flight. You talk to me of nationality, language, religion. I shall try to fly by those nets† (Joyce 238). The characters of Dubliners face similar nets that prevent them from escaping their lives. Unfortunately, their attempts to â€Å"fly by those nets† are not always present; the characters often do not try to break out of their lives (as in â€Å"Clay†). In the case that they do attempt to break their paralysis, the characters typically fail, or at least such is the case for the time before and during the story that the reader observes. The causes of this persistent paralysis vary between the characters: some are paralyzed by lack of motivation or fear, others by familial or other bonds; by religion, addictions, by simple lack of resources, or misconceptions or misinterpretations of events or words. Most all of the characters in the stories covered in class share fear or lack of will as the cause for their being paralyzed in their lives. To give an example, Chandler from â€Å"A Little Cloud† wants to break free of his dull life to become a writer and explore the world. However, he lacks confidence in himself. â€Å"Shyness had always held him back,† in all aspects of his life, from reading poetry to his wife to enter... ...ple no matter what city they are in. But as Joyce shows us, the possibility is there to break out of the mold; to create a meaningful life from a once dull existence. Works Cited Brendle, Mark. "Paralysis and Epiphany in Dubliners." Web log post. Unabashedly Bookish. Barnes & Noble, 14 Oct. 2010. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. Fairhall, James. â€Å"Joyce's DUBLINERS.† Explicator 43.2 (1985): 28. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York, B.W. Huebsch, 1922. Print. Joyce, James. Dubliners. Ed. Margot Norris. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006. Print. Joyce, James. Letters of James Joyce. Ed. Stuart Gilbert. New York: Viking, 1957. Print. Rice, Thomas Jackson. "Paradigm Lost: `Grace' And The Arrangement Of Dubliners." Studies In Short Fiction 32.3 (1995): 405. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Apr. 2012.

Nursing Instructor Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Nursing Instructor PHYSICAL HISTORY: My clinical rotation was at St. Francis Hospital on the orthopedic/medical-surgical floor, 5-1. I was assigned JB for a patient 10/7 and 10/8. He was one day post-op from an elective bilateral knee arthroplasty. JB is a 69 year old Caucasian male who stands 6 feet tall and weighs 251 pounds. He has a history of hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia, degenerative joint disease, and renal calculi. Medications taken at home: Nifedipine 60 mg. QD to manage his hypertension and nonsteriodal anti-inflammatories for the DJD. JB's major problem is the degenerative joint disease (DJD) also referred to as osteoarthritis. According to Colodny, more than 50 million Americans suffer from osteoarthritis and nearly everyone 50 years of age or older is afflicted with one or more of its classic symptoms. "Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion." (Lewis et al. 1896) "DJD is a slowly progressive disorder of mobile joints, particularly weight-bearing articulations, and is characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage."(lewis et al. 1896) "In the afflicted joint, the connective tissue (cartilage) that cushions the ends of the bone degenerates and allows the bones to rub together. This bone-to-bone contact can be extremely painful." (Colodny, 24) JB recalled his knee difficulties beginning in early adolescence. He had no specific injury, but the discomfort began a few months after he became involved in athletics. His surgical history consists of two knee operations. The first surgery was at age 16 and the second was several years later. He has been treated frequently over the years for this problem. Recently the number of physician's visits has increased ... ...zed manner. My interventions were appropriate and corresponded with the overall medical team's approach in caring for this patient. A considerable amount of time went into establishing a trusting nurse/patient relationship. That enabled me along with the patient to develop a workable nursing care plan and have a valuable learning experience. Works Cited Lewis, S. M., I. C. Collier. and M.M. Heitkemper. Medical-Surgical Nursing. St. Louis:Mosby, 1996. Potter, P. A., and A.G. Ferry. Fundamentals of Nursing. Missouri: Mosby. 1997. Yandrich. terry J. "Preventing Infection in Total Joint Replacement Surgery" OrthoPaedic Nursing. March/April, 1995:15-19. Kasmot, Keith. "Catching Deep Vein Thrombosis in Time" Nursing. October, 1994:34-42. Colodny, L., and W. Minale. "Osteoarthritis -is there relief in sight?" Better Nutrition. June, 1997:24.

Essay --

The Great Gatsby is a novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1925. The plot involves characters living in summer of 1922 in a fictional town on West Egg on Long Island. The book is centered on Jay Gatsby, a mysterious young millionaire, who has a quixotic passion for the beautiful Daisy Buchanan. The Great Gatsby is said to be the magnum opus of Fitzgerald. 500,000 copies of the book are sold annually. The Great Gatsby is Fitzgerald's third novel. Maxwell Perkins, the editor, thought the novel needed revision because it was too vague. Considered to be classic literature, The Great Gatsby is a contender for the title "Great American Novel". Over 25 million copies of the book have been sold all over the world. On April 10, 1925, Charles Scribner's Sons first published the novel. Only 20,000 copies were sold in its first year of release. What Fitzgerald wanted when he wrote The Great Gatsby was to make a work of literature that would be evidence of his talent as a writer. The Great Gatsby is the most popular title of the publishing company Scribner The 1920's societal developments were used by Fitzgerald to form Gatsby's stories, from the automobiles to where Gatsby's fortune came from. In June 1922, Fitzgerald began planning for the book, but was stalled around summer and fall by the production of his play, The Vegetable, which miserably failed. Fitzgerald's play, The Vegetable, contained "Winter Dreams" which Fitzgerald described as "a sort of first draft of the Gatsby idea" In Great Neck, New York of Long Island was where The Great Gatsby scenery came from. Fitzgerald and his family moved here after the birth of their child i... ... by Le Grand Meaulnes, a novel by Alain-Fournier. Cugat finished the cover even before the book. Fitzgerald loved it so much that he had "written it into the novel", said the publisher. Fitzgerald himself originated the term Jazz Age (1920), and all his works are centered on that theme. Fitzgerald's remarks about writing the cover into the book resulted in the interpretation that the eyes belong to Dr. T. J. Eckleburg, a fictional optometrist which Fitzgerald wrote as "blue and gigantic — their retinas are one yard high. They look out of no face, but instead, from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a non-existent nose." Even though this passage has similarities to the cover, a more accurate passage can be found of Daisy Buchanan described as the "girl whose disembodied face floated along the dark cornices and blinding signs."

Contextual Study Questions

Who is the Artist? What kind of Artist are they? Where do they live and work? The artist of the image is Andy Warhol, and is most notable for his works in the Pop Art movement; he lived from 1928 to 1987 and spent the majority of his life in New York City. What is the piece of work? The piece of work in question is an illustration of a variety of beauty products in monochrome with multicultural rectangles spread around the page, all atop a black background. When was it made? Does it have a title?The image was made in 1956, and while having no official title, was an illustration for Harpers Bazaar. What do you think might have inspired the artist? What might the piece be about? The most likely source of inspiration for this piece was from fashion in general as the piece was centered around beauty products, furthermore, as the piece was designated for Harpers Bazaar, which is a fashion magazine, which also brings up the possibility that Andy Warhol was simply told to illustrate the pie ce by the company.This also ties into what the image is about as it too can most likely credited to Andy Warhol being commissioned to do an illustration for Harpers Bazaar, of which the piece is centered about. What materials and processes have been used? From the image, it appears to be made from pencil or graphite with a transparent material of sorts over the illustrations before being printed together on one layer as it was designated for a magazine. Can you describe the use of color? The use of color throughout the piece is conservative as it is only used on the multicultural transparent rectangles that are spread throughout the piece.

Understanding Nourishes Belonging

Understanding nourishes belonging. A lack of understanding prevents it. Belonging is not a solo act. For belonging to exist there must be some facilitation on the sides of two separate parties. Belonging hinges on how these parties create an understanding of each other. Many of Emily Dickinson’s poems reflected the difficulty which she experienced upon attempting to forge a connection with her society.Her personas in â€Å"My Letter to the World† and â€Å"I had been hungry all the years† both initially struggle with belonging to their society, and resolve these issues through establishing a sense of understanding; the former with her peers and the latter with herself. Similarly, the titular character in Shaun Tan’s acclaimed picture book, â€Å"The Lost Thing† finds itself alienated in a world that is dismissive of things it cannot understand. This lack of understanding stems from the society’s inability to reconcile with that which is diffe rent, and the â€Å"Lost Thing† ultimately must journey to a sanctuary where it is understood and accepted.The composers of each text underscore their ideas using powerful imagery, with symbols and metaphors common features of all three. Understanding facilitates the development of belonging, and this cannot occur unless individuals go out of their way to forge connections with the larger world. The persona in Dickinson’s â€Å"My Letter to the World† attempts to do this on a massive scale, addressing her â€Å"letter† – a metonymy for her entire body of work – to a world that is dismissive of her. The persona makes it clear that she is writing to a society that â€Å"never wrote to me†, which suggests feelings of isolation.These feelings are turned around upon the establishment of a connection with the persona’s countrymen based on the persona’s love of nature, which is personified and described here with a regal and ma jestic beauty. It is due to this love that she allows herself to ask them to â€Å"judge kindly of her†. The persona’s adoration of Nature is expressed clearly through the ardent description of â€Å"Her† in the fourth line. The juxtaposition of the words, â€Å"tender† and â€Å"majesty† is striking, and impresses upon readers a sense of both nature’s gentle beauty and its powerful reign throughout the world.Nature is a commonality between the persona and the society from which she feels alienated; thus, by penning this letter and reaching out, the persona discovers a way of belonging in her society facilitated by an understanding based on their mutual respect for nature. In another of Dickinson’s poems, she addresses the possibility that by pursuing an understanding of belonging, an individual can come to experience that feeling within their own self. The persona of â€Å"I had been hungry† expresses a hunger that has spanned years, a hunger symbolising the innate human need for belonging.Dickinson employs imagery associated with food and eating throughout the poem, in keeping with this extended metaphor. The persona is given the opportunity to â€Å"sample the plenty†. The persona’s hesitance and apprehension in doing so are evident, as she â€Å"trembling drew the table near†. The persona is bewildered by the â€Å"curious wine† and comes to discover that this particular type of belonging isn’t for her. This discovery is emphasised in the metaphor in the second stanza, â€Å"Like berry of a mountain bush/Transplanted to the road†.The juxtaposition of the berry, a thing of nature, and the man-made road signifies the jarring feeling the persona is experiencing. In the end, the persona finds that, â€Å"the entering takes away†. By engaging with the possibility of belonging, much like their counterpart in â€Å"My Letter to the World†, the persona c onversely finds that it isn’t for her, and instead comes to the understanding that she was more comfortable in her own place. Lack of understanding, especially of things that are foreign to us, and how it acts as a barrier to belonging is a theme explored extensively in Shaun Tan’s â€Å"The Lost Thing†.A boy discovers a creature and takes it on a journey through the industrialised conglomerate that takes no heed of it. The â€Å"Lost Thing† is first discovered on a beach; its striking red shade and natural-looking shape instantly convey to the reader how out of place it is in respect to its rather colourless, angular surroundings. The confusion and uncertainty that the people who notice the â€Å"Thing† are epitomised in the narrator’s lines â€Å"It just sat there, looking out of place. I was baffled. † In the end, their search for the â€Å"Lost Thing’s† place, take them to a bizarre place, where all sorts of lost thi ngs have gathered.Far away from the wider society’s inability to comprehend the â€Å"Lost Thing’s† existence, here it can assimilate into a world where its features are far less likely to warrant particular notice. Throughout the book, a recurring visual motif appears in the form of a white, wavy arrow. It initially evades notice – much like the â€Å"Lost Thing† in its society – up until it becomes relevant to the story as a marker leading the two main characters to the world that the â€Å"Lost Thing† eventually finds a home in.Much like Dickinson’s persona’s, it is by making the attempt to find a place of belonging that the â€Å"Lost Thing† is able to navigate past a society that does not understand it into one that does. Society’s perceived indifference and its associated unwillingness or inability to understand play an integral role in the â€Å"My Letter to the World† persona’s percept ion of belonging. Whether this perception is the reality is not made clear; however, by playing on the insecurities of the persona this perception exacerbates her inability to belong.The persona makes it clear that she is alienated by the wider world through the line, â€Å"Her message is committed/To hands I cannot see†. As she is not privy to the contents of this letter, she is therefore not part of this understanding that is shared by the wider community. The idea that this is passed by hands that she cannot see is also significant; it gives the connotation that there is a barrier between the persona and the rest of the world, and until she bridges this barrier and shares in the understanding, she cannot belong.Through â€Å"My Letter to the World†, Dickinson expresses the idea that understanding is perhaps the key to belonging between individuals and groups. Similarly, in â€Å"The Lost Thing†, a lack of understanding gives way to the absence of belonging, a nd a desire on the part of the wider society to get rid of that which the misunderstanding originates from. The society of Tan’s book is unable to connect and interact with the objects they cannot accept into the drab surroundings of their day to day life.The society’s misguided attempts to categorise everything in their world is embodied in the â€Å"Federal Department of Odds and Ends†. Tan parodies government mottos by inventing one for his invented federal department, â€Å"sweepus underum carpetae†. The pseudo Latin suggests that the Department’s purpose is nothing more than to â€Å"sweep things under the rug†. An imperative, â€Å"Don’t Panic†, follows the question â€Å"finding that the order of day-to-day life is unexpectedly interrupted? on the Department’s advertisement, and is indicative of the entire society’s attitude to things that seem out of place. The Lost Thing’s invisibility in its soci ety is highlighted by the small size with which it is depicted against the cityscape. On one of the last pages, Tan poses a series of illustrations in which it appears as though the view is panning out from a tram to a view of several, then of hundreds; this impresses upon readers how easy it is to go unnoticed in the face of society’s lack of care and understanding.An understanding thus cannot be reached between the Lost Thing and its environment, prompting its search for one where this is possible. An understanding between individuals and groups is imperative to a sense of belonging. Both Dickinson’s poems and Tan’s picture book detail the struggles to belong that can transpire from a lack of understanding and also depict the happy reality that results from newfound understanding.

Compare Death Essay

Tony Harrison’s â€Å"From Long Distance† is poem about how death has caused him and his father to grieve. Death is approached through the grief of the family and the past tense in the poem. Charles Tennyson Turner’s â€Å"On Finding a Small Fly Crushed in a Book† is a sonnet about the beauty of a dead fly’s corpse and how death can happen at any time. Death is approached through the ‘book’ and how death is unpredictable. The similarities and differences between the poems are in the diction, rhyme and rhythm. In â€Å"From Long Distance† Tony Harrison conveys death through diction. At the start Harrison describes how the father â€Å"kept her slippers warming by the gas†. This evokes a warm atmosphere because the father is doing something nice. However Harrison writes that â€Å"my mother was already two years dead†. The adverb â€Å"already† conveys the passing of time and shows that even while the father was doing something nice for his dead wife; it is irrational to do it for â€Å"two years† and evokes a negative atmosphere because the father is emotionally stressed. Furthermore the father â€Å"put you off an hour to give him time to clear away her things†. Harrison is conveying his disappointment in the father as the father is too wound up in grief. However Harrison says â€Å"I believe in life and death and that is all† which describes how there is no afterlife but this statement is quite emotionless which makes it sound quite false. Right afterwards this is justified through â€Å"you haven’t both gone shopping†. This suggests that both parents are dead likewise with â€Å"disconnected number I still call†. Harrison conveys that he is still grieving for his dead parents just like his father. Death is approached in â€Å"From Long Distance† through death causing people to show grief in irrational ways. In â€Å"On Finding a Small Fly Crushed in a Book†, Charles Tennyson Turner conveys death through imagery and diction. Turner portrays the corpse of the fly as being a â€Å"fair monument† and having â€Å"wings gleam out†. This image is very angelic and positive which conveys how the fly left a beautiful mark in the book. However this is ironic as flies are usually horrible and hated creatures. From this Turner writes â€Å"The pearl is by us day by day† which conveys how death can happen at any time. Furthermore Turner uses â€Å"The Book will close upon us† to portray the Book as being ‘death’ and is certain that you can’t escape it and it will eventually close. Lastly Turner writes that the â€Å"closing book may stop our vital breath, Yet leave no lustre on our page of death†. Turner conveys to the reader that when we die we don’t leave a positive mark on the world unlike that of the fly. Turner approaches deat h as serious matter and that it can happen any time. There are many similarities and differences between the poems â€Å"From Long Distance† and â€Å"On Finding a Small Fly Crushed in a Book† in rhyme, diction and rhythm. The rhyme in â€Å"From Long Distance† changes in the last stanza to emphasize that Harrison has let his emotions give way and show that he is still grieving for his dead parents. Likewise in â€Å"On Finding a Small Fly Crushed in a Book† the first eight lines of the sonnet have a regular pattern but the rhyme scheme changes in the last six lines which emphasizes how humans’ corpses are different to those of flies and also that death is unpredictable through the change in rhyme scheme. The diction in â€Å"From Long Distance† is positive because of the father’s actions. However Harrison uses words such as â€Å"blight†, â€Å"crime† and â€Å"rusted† which are all negative and create a barrier between the father and Harrison. In â€Å"On Finding a Small Fly Crushed in a Book† the diction for the first eight lines is positive when describing the beauty of the dead fly however in the last six lines it is a lot more serious which conveys the importance of the subject of death and how we need to make a mark in the world. Both poems have iambic pentameter which gives a regular rhythm and flow. In â€Å"From Long Distance† this flow gives the effect of time passing which emphasizes how death is hard to cope with. In â€Å"On Finding a Small Fly Crushed in a Book† the flow emphasizes the seriousness of death to show that it is important. These similarities and differences convey death through not being able to cope w ith death and how people could die anytime. The poems â€Å"From Long Distance† by Tony Harrison and â€Å"On Finding a Small Fly Crushed in a Book† by Charles Tennyson Turner approach death through the similarities and differences in diction, rhyme and rhythm. Harrison conveys to the reader that we should learn to cope with death and not hide out emotions. Turner conveys to the reader that we should make the most out of our life as death can happen at any time.

Big business affects advertising ethics Essay

It has been clear to us that advertising is the most important tool in the success of a business. Media is one of the biggest or perhaps the biggest factor in influencing people’s lives. Through media, we can convey any information we want using the internet, radio, television and others. It is the most powerful tool of communication these days. Media connects people and it bridges gap and distance. But media not only inform people. Media also influences their way of life. People spend majority of their time with the exposure to media not knowing that they are subliminally dictated and governed by it. In short, our lives today are mostly a product of the influence of media. Advertising ethics is clearly articulated in rules providing guidance to advertisers so that they do not abuse the communicative power to influence consumers. Advertising shall tell the truth, and shall reveal significant facts, the omission of which would mislead the public. Advertising claims shall be substantiated by evidence in possession of the advertiser and advertising agency, prior to making such claims. ?Advertising shall refrain from making false, misleading, or unsubstantiated statements or claims about a competitor or his/her products or services. Advertising shall not offer products or services for sale unless such offer constitutes a bona fide effort to sell the advertising products or services and is not a device to switch consumers to other goods or services, usually higher priced. ?Advertising of guarantees and warranties shall be explicit, with sufficient information to apprise consumers of their principal terms and limitations or, when space or time restrictions preclude such disclosures, the advertisement should clearly reveal where the full text of the guarantee or warranty can be examined before purchase. Advertising shall avoid price claims which are false or misleading, or saving claims which do not offer provable savings. ?Advertising containing testimonials shall be limited to those of competent witnesses who are reflecting a real and honest opinion or experience. Advertising shall be free of statements, illustrations or implications which are offensive to good taste or public decency. *Adopted by the American Advertising Federation Board of Directors, March 2, 1984, San Antonio, Texas. It is also an unquestionable fact that big businesses put large sum of money in advertising for the advancement of their products. In America, in 2003, tobacco companies spent a total of $15. 15 billion or more than $34 million a day to promote, market and advertise their products. This is the most ever reported. This is a significant increase in terms of the expenditures of cigarette companies on advertisement. The Philip Morris in 1999 even launched a new campaign targeting women, particularly minority women, with the slogan â€Å"Find Your Voice† that cost $40 million. This is only one of many facts that companies are willing to spend big amounts for the advertisement of their company and products. Given the willingness of big businesses to put large amount of money for advertisement, this fact slowly degrades advertising ethics. Independent advertising bodies are most likely enticed by the big amount of money that a company is willing to spend. Blinded with money, advertising agencies don’t look at the product to be endorsed itself. They just focus on the amount of money their office will receive. Most agencies don’t care anymore if the product they will advertise really gives benefits to the consumers. They are not after of the truth behind the product’s performance. What is important for them is to be paid and to be paid big time. For some companies that advertise their own products, still, most of them don’t also care for the welfare of their costumers. All they are up to is the profit that can be made through advertising their own product. Some companies even deceive people in their advertisements just to profit big. Indeed, the tempting value of money is very powerful. As we look at the business world today, there are a lot of advertising cases being filed to different companies. Some of these cases are the Italy’s Alitalia Airlines for misleading consumers with an advert on round-trip flight fares showing only the one-way ticket cost, Rexall Sundown Inc. for an alleged false and unsubstantiated claims that its dietary supplement, Cellasene, would reduce or eliminate cellulite and USA Pharmacal Inc. for alleged false and unsubstantiated efficacy and safety claims for weight loss products, â€Å"Fat Sponge in a Pill† and â€Å"Calotrol/MD†, one, â€Å"Meta-Biological† containing ephedra, and for a product for erectile dysfunction, â€Å"Virile V† containing androgen and yohimbe. These cases are only a little picture of the deception in advertising. These cases are only a parcel of a giant reality that eats the advertising world, a reality that no person would dream of but it is there right in front of all of us. Indeed, the advertising ethics in our time is deteriorating. Most advertisements now do not preach truth. Most testimonies regarding any product are scripted. Moreover, many advertisements only corrupt the minds of the people specially the youth and the children. This is due to the fact that money offered by big businesses becomes the criteria of advertising. Consumer welfare has been undermined.

Should there be any liability for Omission in criminal Law and if so, Dissertation

Should there be any liability for Omission in criminal Law and if so, how much it should be extended and Why Penalties for Omiss - Dissertation Example In some jurisdictions, the penalty involves depriving the person of his life. Because the punitive nature of criminal laws invades upon a persons’ rights, the nature of the offences must be such that a harm had been inflicted upon another by the deeds of the accused, which he had clearly intended, in order to justify the harshness of the punishment. These two elements – the offensive act and the malicious intention to inflict harm – must therefore be evident. However, where the offence done had been an omission to perform a deed, then the moral question arises as to whether the absence of an act would justify the imposition of punishment. This is the crux of the debate on criminal liability attached to omissions. This study explores the nature of omissions and the reason why certain types of omissions, and not others, would be worthy of sanction. Since omissions are construed as failure to perform a duty, the types and sources of duties are also examined to gain insight into the type of harm inflicted by the omission. The study delved into the philosophical arguments and set of attributes upon which to base an assessment of whether criminal liability should be attached to omissions. ... SIONS IN CRIMINAL LAW 12 2.1 Elements of a crime 12 2.2 Definition of ‘omission’ 12 2.3 Distinguishing acts from omissions 13 2.4 Omissions as a source of liability 14 Chapter 3: SOURCES OF DUTY AS BASIS OF OMISSIONS 18 3.1 Liability for omissions under the common law 18 3.2 Statutes that impose a duty to act 19 3.3 Failure to prevent or report criminal conduct 19 3.4 Duty arising from special relationships 20 3.5 Duty to avert a danger that was created by defendant 27 3.5 Failure to provide medical treatment 28 Chapter 4: TYPES OF SOURCES OF DUTIES 33 4.1 First type: voluntary assumption of duty 33 4.2 Second type: voluntary performance of an act that incurs a duty 34 4.3 Third type: justification without voluntariness 35 Chapter 5: SPECIAL ISSUES IN OMISSIONS 38 5.1 Corporate manslaughter by omission: omissions by police officers 38 5.2 Liability for omissions in international criminal law 43 Chapter 6: ANALYSIS 45 6.1 The central debate on attaching liabilities to omi ssions 45 6.2 The Act-Omission Paradox 48 6.3 Summary 50 Chapter 7: CONCLUSION 53 Bibliography 56 Table of Cases Airedale National Health Service Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789, All ER 821 Director of Publi Prosecutions v Santa-Bermudez, EWHC 2908 [2003] (Admin). Fagan v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1969] 1 QB 439, [1968] 3 All ER 442, [ 1968] 3 WLR 1120, DC Lennard’s Carrying Co., Ltd. v Asiatic Petroleum Co., Ltd. [1915] AC 705. R v Adomako, [1994] HL R v Chattaway [1922] 17 Cr App R 7 R v Gibbins & Proctor, [1918] 13 Cr App R 134. R v Instan, [1893] 1QB 450 R v Khan, [1998] Crim LR 830 R v Lowe, [1973] QB 702 R v Stone & Dobinson, [1987] QB 354. R v Miller [1983] ] UKHL 6, 2 AC 161 R v Senior [1899] 1 QB 283 R v Yuthiwattana (1984) 80 Cr App R 55 Re B (A Minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment)

Document for Proposal review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Document for Proposal review - Essay Example For example, Chapelle (2005) contends that technology is central to second language teaching, while Sinicrope et al 2007) note the importance of increasing inter-cultural collaboration between individuals who are culturally and linguistically different using ICT. Moreover, Alrumaih (2004) argues that ICT advances aid EFL teachers to innovate the way they teach L2 to students in the virtual and physical classrooms. This research study will seek to enrich knowledge about the use of tele-collaboration promote intercultural communication and learning among EFL teachers in Saudi Arabia. O’Dowd (2013), for example, mentions that tele-collaboration enables virtual intercultural interaction and exchange between geographically-dispersed language learners in collaborative projects and tasks. Moreover, Ware and Caà ±ado (2007) also state that tele-collaboration is essential in promoting conversational fluency and negotiation of meaning. By applying online collaboration to enable EFL teachers in Saudi Arabia to collaborate on project work and collaborative tasks, the research project should enrich theory into how EFL teachers can improve their intercultural competence as well as ICT competence. The UNESCO ICT competency framework for teachers, for example, outlines the proficiencies and skills needed for teachers to integrate ICT into teaching practice and the study will seek to enhance this framework. In addition, this study will also seek to enhance knowledge on the Salmon (2004) five stage model that seeks to help guide EFL teachers enhance learner experience and knowledge construction using ICT. Moreover, this research study will contribute significant knowledge about the role of the instructor for tele-collaborative intercultural research. Joly and Iseli-Chan (2010) identifies the need for additional research into tele-collaborative partnerships by EFL teachers. By producing co-authored instructions in teacher-teacher dialogue format,

MANIFEST DESTINY AND ASSIMILATION THEORY Term Paper

MANIFEST DESTINY AND ASSIMILATION THEORY - Term Paper Example Assimilation model is where a minority group adopts the values, norms, beliefs, and institutional systems of the domain culture, which the American culture. The Native Americans were not domain because they had to assimilate to the western civilization (Cullen, Lisle, Downs and Colombo 452). Fredrickson explains the assimilation theory proposed by Alex in the following manner. His explanations are based on ethnic relations between religions and races in the history of the US. He asserts that ethnic hierarchy is inevitable because it forms the first pillar of socialization between distinct ethnic groups. In American context, the essay is based on the view that the American race is the dominant group that holds the privileges and right not provided to other races in the society (Cullen, Lisle, Downs, and Colombo 463). Due to this, they view themselves as the superior to those races whom the rights are denied. The system of racial interaction influenced the blacks and Indian races in Am erican society because the whites deemed themselves superior to these races. Fredrickson continues with his assimilation theory using one-way assimilation model. He argues that the only way that other races such as Indians and blacks can pay the Americans is via adapting or conforming to the American culture. ... Fredrickson discuses the theory of separatism in groups by arguing that minority groups should be autonomous, independent and completely separated from the dominant or majority group (Cullen, Lisle, Downs and Colombo 479). Cultural pluralism is the most effective theory because it gives room to people to retain their own culture or ethnic identities without conforming to cultures of other dominant groups. Fredrickson explanation offers a way forward on how social groups can come together and live in unity. These assertions are evident in the manifest destiny and Americas’ expansion to the West. Further, cultural pluralism is demonstrated in the manner in which Native Americans were treated. Americans separated from other groups and followed their own western culture. Due to this, many Americans believed that they had the responsibility of spreading democratic ideals to other parts of the world. During their expansion, the Americans excluded groups with cultural differences tha t were characterized with prejudice and paternalism. This reality made the Americans realized themselves, and their role in the world. The manifest destiny doctrine was the idea that established the United States of America as a nation. Manifest destiny was an idea that influenced American policy in the twentieth century (The Great Nation of Futurity 428). The concept was the motivation behind the tremendous and rapid expansion of America into the West from the East. The idea of manifest destiny was promoted in poster, newspapers, and via the media. The idea of manifest destiny was not an official government policy but it led to enactment and passage of policies

French commentators often see in 'republican values' a universal path Essay

French commentators often see in 'republican values' a universal path towards modernity. Define these values in the french context and comment - Essay Example Although it was often called into question, it finally established itself under the Third Republic6. It was written into the 1958 Constitution7 and is part nowadays of the French national heritage. Linked by Fà ©nelon8 at the end of the 17th century, the notions of liberty, equality and fraternity became more widespread during the Age of Enlightenment. At the time of the French Revolution, "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" was one of the many mottoes in use. In December 1790, Robespierre9 advocated in a speech on the organization of the National Guards10 that the words "The French People" and "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" be written on uniforms and flags, but his proposal was rejected. From 1793 onwards, Parisians, soon to be imitated by the inhabitants of other cities, painted the following words on the faà §ades of their houses: "Unity, indivisibility of the Republic; liberty, equality or death". But they were soon asked to erase the phrases final part as it was too closely associated with the Terror... 11 This motto fell into disuse under the Empire, like many revolutionary symbols. It reappeared during the Revolution of 184812 marked with a religious dimension: priests celebrated the "Christ-Fraternità ©" and blessed the trees of liberty that were planted at the time. When the Constitution of 1848 was drafted, the motto "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" was defined as a "principle" of the Republic. Discarded under the Second Empire13, this motto finally established itself under the Third Republic, although some people still objected to it, including partisans of the Republic: solidarity was sometimes preferred to equality which implies a levelling of society, and the Christian connotation of fraternity was not accepted by everyone. This motto was inscribed again on the pediments of public buildings on the occasion of the celebration of 14 July 1880. It

Health Informatics---bar coded medications Research Paper

Health Informatics---bar coded medications - Research Paper Example The purpose of this paper is to establish whether bar code technology achieves its intended purpose, which is to increase patient safety by reduction of medication errors. The most effective way of analyzing this is by studying real-life examples of institutions that have implemented the technology and measured their quality, workflow or inter-professional after implementation. This is what the paper will focus on in subsequent sections. Barcode medication is increasingly becoming common among several hospitals in the country. It is critical to examine its impact on nursing workflows. Nurses need to spend their time on patients’ direct care. Therefore, if medication administration is eating up most of their time, then it will be difficult for them to provide quality services. This paper will examine whether or not bar code medication has an effect on nursing workflow as well as quality of care in institutions. Perhaps the most critical issue in the analysis of this technology in medical administration is its impact on patient safety. Errors in the medical profession could lead to further complications in treatment; they may prevent patients from recovering as quickly as they might have if the right procedures were followed. Additionally, they may cause new conditions or diseases which harm patients. In essence, they may do the exact opposite of what hospitals intend to do to patients when they visit them. Errors increase healthcare costs to patients, insurance providers as well as institutions. The latter may lose their clientele owing to a tainted image or costly malpractice litigations. Most importantly, errors in administration of drugs could be lethal and may lead to the loss of life. This paper will contribute towards the minimization of medical errors in drug administration by looking at the effectiveness of one solution. Bar code technology